70 resultados para soil fertilization

em Repositório Institucional UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho"


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In the present study, the composition of essential oil of leaves and inflorescences of jambu (Spilanthes oleracea. Jambuarana), under organic manuring and mineral fertilization, was stuhed. Jambu plants show important chemical properties and their production has been addressed for the extraction of the essential oils for cosmetics industries, due to their pharmacolopcal properties. The experimental area of treatments contained urea as mineral fertilizer (120 g m2), applied twice and organic fertilizer (8 kg m2), applied at the planting. Jambu leaves and flowers were harvested twice: the first at 90 days after seedling transplantation and at the opening of the flower buds. Branches were cut at 7 cm from the soil, thus new branches can bud for the accomplishment of the second crop which happened 40 days after the re-budhng. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry. According to our results the most representative compounds were trans-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, 1-dodecene, spathulenol and spilanthol (a compound presenting anesthetic properties) occurring in inflorescences. Fertilization procedure does not affect the content and the quality of the essential oil in Jambu plants. © 2012 Academic Journals Inc.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Forage plants, particularly the Brachiaria genus, are the main source of nutrients for cattle and are at times the only feed offered. The concentration of elements in the plant is related to the soil, fertilization, climate, season, variety, and cultural practices. An experiment on dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol soil in Aracatuba, São Paulo was performed to evaluate the effects of the doses and sources of nitrogen fertilizers on the chemical properties of the soil and the dry matter yield of the grass Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraes. A randomized block design was employed involving three replicates in a 3 x 3 factorial, with three doses (100, 200 and 400 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) and three sources (Ajifer (R) L40, ammonium sulfate and urea) of nitrogen and a control treatment without nitrogen (zero). The greatest effects on the chemical properties of the soil as a function of nitrogen fertilization in the Xaraes grass were observed in the topsoil. The use of Ajifer (R) L40 and ammonium sulfate as sources of nitrogen had similar effects, with an increase in the sulfur content and a reduction in the soil pH at the superficial layer. The use of the fertilizers Ajifer (R) L40, ammonium sulfate and urea did not affect the micronutrient contents, except for Fe and Mn, and did not alter the sodium concentration or electrical conductivity of the soil. The dry matter yield of Xaraes grass was similar for all three nitrogen sources.

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Realizou-se um experimento em Pindorama (SP), no qual se avaliaram os efeitos da fertirrigação e da adubação convencional com N e K em alguns atributos químicos de solo sob cultivo com bananeira, durante dois ciclos de produção. Avaliaram-se a disponibilidade e a movimentação de nutrientes (P, K, Ca e Mg) no perfil do solo, bem como outros atributos químicos (matéria orgânica, acidez e saturação por bases), por meio de amostragens realizadas na implantação do experimento e ao final do primeiro e segundo ciclos de produção. Os principais efeitos dos tratamentos foram no pH do solo e no teor de K+ trocável. A adubação, tanto aplicada via fertirrigação como na forma convencional, implicou incrementos na acidez do solo, principalmente até 20 cm de profundidade. Observou-se que o impacto da adubação via fertirrigação no pH do solo foi proporcional à dose. A adubação convencional também causou decréscimo no pH, especialmente na região mais próxima das plantas, refletindo o efeito da aplicação localizada dos fertilizantes. A aplicação de adubo sólido na superfície do solo determinou significativo acúmulo de K nas camadas até 20 cm e na região mais próxima ao pseudocaule das plantas. Os efeitos da adubação via fertirrigação foram mais difusos, visto que os adubos são espalhados numa área de solo maior do que a coberta pela adubação convencional.

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As maiores limitações para o uso do lodo de esgoto em áreas agrícolas são os riscos de contaminação do solo com metais pesados e sua possível transferência para a cadeia alimentar. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar os teores de Cd, Cr, Pb e Zn no solo, utilizando-se dois métodos de extração (HNO3 + H2O2 + HCl e HClO4 + HF), o acúmulo destes elementos em plantas de milho cultivadas em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico no nono ano de aplicação de lodo de esgoto, bem como seus efeitos na produção de matéria seca e na produtividade de grãos. O experimento foi instalado em condições de campo em Jaboticabal-SP, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam a doses acumuladas por nove anos consecutivos de lodo de esgoto (45,0; 90,0 e 127,5 t ha-1, base seca) e um tratamento testemunha que recebeu fertilização mineral com base na análise de solo. O lodo de esgoto foi aplicado manualmente e incorporado ao solo com grade a 0,1 m de profundidade antes da semeadura do milho. Os teores médios de Cd no solo não variaram em função das doses de lodo e dos métodos de extração. Por outro lado, os teores médios de Cr, Pb e Zn no solo obtidos pela digestão com HClO4 + HF foram de 72,4; 31,8 e 62,3 %, respectivamente, superiores àqueles encontrados pela digestão que empregou HNO3 + H2O2 + HCl. Contudo, quando se avaliou apenas o efeito das doses de lodo no solo, em ambos os métodos de extração, verificou-se diferença entre os tratamentos apenas para a concentração de Zn no solo. Exceto o Cd, que não foi detectado, de modo geral, os teores e os acúmulos de Cr, Pb e Zn nas partes das plantas de milho aumentaram com as aplicações de lodo de esgoto. Os teores de Cr, Pb e Zn nos grãos, quando detectados, permaneceram abaixo dos limites máximos estabelecidos para o consumo humano conforme a legislação brasileira. A adição de lodo de esgoto e a fertilização mineral, por longo período, apresentaram efeitos semelhantes na produção de matéria seca e na produtividade de grãos de milho.

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O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de doses de fósforo aplicadas via solo, sobre os componentes de produção, produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão, cv. IAC Carioca. Foram avaliadas seis doses de fósforo (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150kg.ha-1 de P2O5) sob o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em Latossolo Vermelho com baixo teor de fósforo (6mg.dm-3), em condições de campo. No momento da colheita, avaliaram-se estande final de plantas, altura da inserção da primeira vagem, comprimento das vagens, número de vagens/planta, número de sementes/vagem, número de lóculos/vagem, número lóculos vazios/vagem, número de lóculos com sementes/vagem e massa de 100 sementes. A produtividade de sementes foi determinada com base na produção das duas linhas centrais de cada parcela, com teor de água corrigido para 13%. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, emergência de plântulas no campo e massa de matéria seca de plântulas. A adubação fosfatada com 150kg.ha-1 de P2O5 aumentou o número de vagens/planta e o número de sementes/planta. Os demais componentes de produção e a produtividade de sementes não foram alterados pela aplicação de fósforo. As doses de fósforo não alteraram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão, cv. IAC Carioca.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Extraction of active principles from medicinal plants generates wastes usually discharged. This process does not extract minerals from plant tissues, which may be considered of great value in organic composting. Wastes of 81 medicinal plant species processed at Centroflora/Anidro industry were analyzed for macro and micronutrients, and according to the results, three different ways to elaborate the compost were proposed: a) wastes of medicinal plants with high content of a specific mineral, aiming to fertilize soils where would be cultivated species that need high quantities of that mineral; b) wastes with mineral contents in order to support specific failures on mineral content of a soil; c) wastes of the eleven richest species in each nutrient that should elevate all mineral contents in soil.

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Mapping the plant nutritional condition allows viewing different regions in a cropping area, providing the producers with different criteria to use foliar and soil fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of the nutritional condition of canephora coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner) regarding the site specific management of foliar and soil fertilization. In a one hectare area 60 georeferenced points were sampled at irregular intervals. There were five plants in each sampled point; two pairs of leaves were removed from the lateral branches (3 rd and 4 th pairs from extremity to the basis) in the cardinal points of each plant, counting up 40 leaves per point. The foliar samples were chemically analyzed for the following nutrients: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu and Zn. The same pattern of spatial dependence was presented with adjustment for K and B. Except for N and P, which presented random distribution, the other nutrients presented mild to severe spatial dependence justifying the geostatistical data analysis for making maps for differential and located, foliar and soil fertilizer application in coffee crop.

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Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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This study describes the richness of Leguminosae used by 21 traditional farmers in coffee agroforestry systems (AFS) and forest fragments of the Atlantic Forest, in the municipality of Araponga, Minas Gerais, Brazil. It also presents the use categories, relative importance and the species similarity between the AFSs. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation, between August 2005 and November 2006, directed during random walks in seven AFSs and forest fragments surrounding the State Park of Serra do Brigadeiro. The farmers cited 59 species of Leguminosae, of which 86% are native to the Atlantic Forest and used in ancient cultural practices, such as to make bullock carts. Twelve categories of use were established, among them the most important were fertilizer and firewood (21 spp each); in the AFSs, species used for soil fertilization (18 spp) are the most utilized, and in the forest, the species for firewood and technology (17 spp.) The relative importance index showed that in the forest, Piptadenia gonoacantha showed 83% of agreement for the use as wood for fencing pastures, while in the AFSs, Inga edulis scored 100% as food. The AFSs studied show little similarity of species (0.42 of the Sorensen scale), due to the selection promoted by the farmers, thus, providing room for the conservation of useful species of Leguminosae.

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In Brazil, phosphorus availability is one factor that that more limit yield of upland rice under rainfed system. Then, better understanding of cultivars development at phosphorus soil fertilization is very important in the production systems making this more sustainable. The objective was to evaluate the influence of phosphorus doses applied to the soil over the root length, root and shoot dry matter, concentration and content of macronutrient and zinc in shoot and root as well as the efficiency of nutrient uptake per meter root of upland cultivars of intermediate and modern groups. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design in factorial scheme 4 x 4. Treatments were four levels of P fertilization applied at the soil (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg dm(-3) of P) and four upland rice cultivars (Maravilha - modern group, IAC-201, IAC-202 and Carajas - intermediate group). There is increase in phosphorus availability in the soil with increasing levels of P fertilization. Under low phosphorus availability, cultivars of the intermediate group have better shoots and root system development in relation to the modern cultivar group. Level of phosphorus affected nutrients contents in shoots and root system of upland rice cultivars. The increasing phosphorus fertilization increased uptake of nutrients per meter of root; and although under higher phosphorus availability there was a greater root growth, in low phosphorus availability root growth was greater at the expense of shoot growth.

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Several factors influence the productivity and fruit quality of pineapple and passion fruit, among which are: climate, soil fertilization and irrigation practices. Mineral nutrition is essential to increase productivity and improve fruit quality; however, there is a few information about the effect of fertilization in these two fruit crops, especially under tropical conditions. The objective of this review was to compile the main research results, in which the influence of mineral nutrition on the fruit quality was evaluated. We considered the information recently published in scientific journals, and presented it for the macronutrients individually, then to NPK and, finally, the micronutrients. The review showed that it is difficult to say that some element favors or not certain characteristics of pineapple and passion fruit fruits, since the results are inconsistent and there is not many information. More than established the effects of mineral nutrients on the fruit quality of these two fruit crops, we stand out that research in this topic is very necessary.