90 resultados para manejos do solo
em Repositório Institucional UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho"
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar variáveis microbiológicas e produtividade do feijoeiro em razão do manejo do solo e da calagem. Parte de uma área cultivada há 20 anos em plantio direto (PD) foi submetida ao cultivo mínimo (CM), com escarificação a 0,25 m de profundidade, para incorporação do calcário. Os tratamentos consistiram de manejo do solo (PD e CM) e 0 e 2 t ha-1 de calcário dolomítico aplicadas na superfície, com quatro repetições. Os maiores valores de C da biomassa microbiana foram verificados no CM e os de C de CO2 liberado no PD sem calagem. A menor colonização micorrízica e a maior esporulação foram observadas no CM sem calagem. Não foram detectadas diferenças entre os tratamentos em relação à produção de matéria seca, enquanto na produtividade de grãos, o maior valor foi verificado no CM com calagem. É possível evitar a interrupção do PD com aplicação de calcário na superfície, visto que a incorporação do material de cobertura e a calagem pouco alteraram a estabilidade do sistema, conforme comprovado pelos valores estatísticos semelhantes de C do CO2 liberado e pelas pequenas diferenças observadas nas demais variáveis entre manejos.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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A cultura do trigo, sob irrigação por aspersão ou sequeiro, vem sendo introduzida nos últimos anos no cerrado brasileiro. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do manejo do solo e água nas características fenológicas e produtivas de cultivares de trigo, na região de cerrado. O estudo foi conduzido na área experimental da UNESP, localizada em Selvíria, MS. Adotou-se um delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, num esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições, sendo as mesmas constituídas por dois manejos de solo (arado de aivecas e plantio direto), dois manejos de água (-0,05MPa e -0,07MPa) e três cultivares de trigo ('BRS 210', 'BR 18', 'IAC 24'). O plantio direto proporcionou maior rendimento de grãos de trigo em relação ao preparo do solo com arado de aivecas para as cultivares 'BRS 210' e 'BRS 18'. O manejo de água com tensão -0,05MPa foi o que proporcionou maior rendimento de grãos.
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In Brazil, the upland rice Culture system is predominant, but its water supply depends of precipitation and its distribution. Sol-lie practices or disturbances on soil conditions may cause alterations that call be detected by microorganisms, which are quite sensitive. This experiment was developed to study microbiological alterations (microbial biomass carbon (MBC), released CO2 (C-CO2), metabolic quotient (qCO(2)) and mycorrhization), as well as alterations in soil fertility and productivity of upland rice, cultivated under different soil and water managements. Cultivar BRS Talento was used in the experiment. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design, with four replications, using three soil managements: no-tillage (NT), heavy disk + leveling disk harrowing (HL), and chisel plowing + leveling disk harrowing (CL), plus three water managements: no irrigation (WD0); water depth 1 (WD1), with irrigation at the reproductive and maturation periods; and water depth 2 (WD2), with irrigation throughout the rice cycle. Autochthones arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi proved to be sensitive to soil and water management. The NT presented the highest values for MO, Ca, SB and V% and the lowest for H+A1. This management, together with irrigation at the reproductive and maturation periods of BRS Talento cultivar, promoted goods results for crop yield and microbiology characteristics.
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The soybean culture is part of crop rotation used by irrigators from the southwestern region of São Paulo State that perform no-tillage soil management as a form of sustainable soil use. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of this conservationist practice on physicalhydric properties, soil compaction, root development, and soybean culture production components in relation to the conventional management. The experiment was conducted at the Buriti-Mirim Farm, Angatuba, SP, in Brazil, using an area irrigated by a center pivot system divided into two types of soil management: conventional and no-tillage. Although the no-tillage management presented higher soil density, lower water available and lower soil resistance to penetration, both soil managements showed no difference in relation to root development.
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS
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A cultura da soja (Glycine Max L.) faz parte da rotação de culturas praticadas pelos irrigantes do sudoeste paulista, os quais praticam o plantio direto como forma de uso sustentável do solo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dessa prática conservacionista sobre as propriedades físico-hídricas do solo, sobre sua compactação, sobre o desenvolvimento radicular e sobre a produtividade da cultura da soja, comparativamente com o preparo convencional. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Buriti-Mirim, município de Angatuba, SP (23º30'13" S, 48º35'37" W; 640m), durante o segundo semestre de 2003, utilizando uma área de Argissolo Acinzentado irrigada por pivô central, dividida em dois tipos de manejo do solo preparo convencional e plantio direto. Embora no plantio direto tenha-se encontrado maior densidade do solo, menor quantidade de água disponível e menor resistência do solo à penetração, os dois manejos não diferiram quanto ao desenvolvimento radicular e a produtividade da soja.
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Research has been conducted to identify the best nitrogen (N) rate for maize in most diverse types of soil management. However, there is no agreement on the results, once the dynamic of N is influenced by soil management and cover crops. This study evaluated dry mass production and nutrient uptake by cover crops, agronomic parameters and grain yield of maize in response to soil management and N rates. Field trials were carried out in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in the growing seasons of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, on a clayey Rhodic Haplustox (20º 20' S and 51º 24' W, 340 m asl). Thirty-six treatments were established with four replications, in a randomized blocks design, with the combination of cover crops (millet, Crotalaria juncea and millet + Crotalaria juncea), soil management systems (tillage with chisel plow + lightweight disking, heavy disking + lightweight disking, and no-tillage) and topdressing N rates (0, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 - urea as source). Maize hybrid DKB 350 YG® was used and N applied at stage V5 (fifth expanded leaf). A linear increase with the increase of N rates was observed for chlorophyll leaf index, leaf N content, ear length and diameter, and grain weight and yield. Previously grown sunn hemp and millet + sunn hemp grown, associated with 120 kg ha-1 N for maize, induced a higher grain yield after two growing seasons.
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Technologies that increase crop yields are possible when providing profitability to the producer. The objective of this study was to evaluate production costs and profitability of maize in production systems in Cerrado. The study was conducted in Selviria (Mato Grosso do Sul State), Brazil, in the years 2009/10 and 2010/11. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks with four replications in factorial and mixed with tracks. We established 36 treatments, three green manures (Pennisetum glaucum, Crotalaria juncea and intercropping Pennisetum glaucum + Crotalaria juncea), three soil management practices (no-tillage system, "heavy disking" + "levelling disking" and "chisel plow" + "levelling disking") and four doses of N (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha(-1)). For economic analysis were estimated operational cost, the gross revenue obtained by the product of the productivity of the treatments and the value of corn (R$ 0,417 kg or R$ 25,00 sc(-1)) and the ratio revenue / cost of treatment. Whereas higher values (revenue/cost > 1) and lower (revenue/cost ratio < 1) as a parameter in the analysis of profitability, it can be concluded that corn under no-tillage had the highest profitability in succession to Pennisetum glaucum growing profitability with increasing N rates, in succession to Crotalaria juncea and in the absence of nitrogen application on the coverage achieved higher profitability compared to other treatments and in succession to the consortium Pennisetum glaucum + Crotalaria juncea doses of N was between 50 and 55 kg ha(-1) offer greater profitability to the cultivation of corn.
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This study aimed to account the energy balance of six different farming systems: CMT (minimum tillage with transgenic corn); CMNT (minimum tillage with non-transgenic corn); PCT (conventional tillage with transgenic corn); PCNT (conventional tillage with non-transgenic corn); PDT (no-tillage system with transgenic corn) and PDNT (no-tillage system with non-transgenic corn). The study was carried out at the Experimental Farm Lageado FCA/Unesp, Botucatu - SP. The energy balance was performed by subtracting the total energy inputs by the total energy output. Energy efficiency was calculated by dividing the total energy output by the total energy inputs. The total values of energy inputs and outputs were expressed in MJ.ha-1 (mega joules per hectare). To calculate the energy inputs were accounted the fuel consumption and lubricants, depreciation energy of machinery and implements, manpower and agricultural inputs. The energy outputs were calculated according to the maize yield. The result shows that the system PDT was the system that had better energy efficiency and the system that had the lowest efficiency was the PCT system. The system with lower energy demand was the PDT and the greatest demand was PCNT.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)