47 resultados para infant carriers
em Repositório Institucional UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho"
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Purpose: This paper focuses on the characterization of polymeric micelle-forming tuberculostatic prodrugs and the antimycobacterial activity of these prodrugs.Method: By the condensation of hydroxymethylpyrazinamide, isoniazid and rifampin with free carboxyl groups on the copolymer poly(ethyleneglycol)-poly(aspartic acid), micelle-forming carrier-drug conjugates were obtained. These micelles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, to measure the micelle diameter; by acid-base titration, to determine the percentage of carboxylic groups occupied by the tuberculostatic; by Sudan III solubility tests, to estimate the critical micelle concentration (CMC); and visual control and spectrophotometric measurement, to determine the stability of micelles. These micelles were tested in vitro against several Mycobacterium strains.Results: As expected, the size and distribution of the micelle-forming tuberculostatic prodrugs found to be small (78.2nm, 84.2nm and 98.9 nm) while the level of the drug conjugated was high (65.02-85.7%). Furthermore, the micelles were stable in vitro, exhibiting a low level of CMC and stronger antimycobacterial activity than the original drugs.Conclusion: the results demonstrate that polymeric micelles can be used as efficient carriers for drugs, which alone, exhibit undesired pharmacokinetics, poor solubility, and low stability. The synthesized micelle-forming tuberculostatic prodrugs opens a perspective of alternative prodrugs that prolong action and decrease the toxicity of the tuberculostatic drugs of choice.
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To achieve effective drug concentration at the intended site for a sufficient period of time is a requisite desired for many drug formulations. For drugs intended to ocular delivery, its poor bioavailability is due to pre-corneal factors. Most ocular diseases are treated by topical drug application in the form of solution, suspension and ointment. However, such dosage forms are no longer sufficient to combat some ocular diseases. Intravitreal drug injection is the current therapy for disorders in posterior segment. The procedure is associated with a high risk of complications, particularly when frequent, repeated injections are required. Thus, sustained-release technologies are being proposed, and the benefits of using colloidal carriers in intravitreal injections are currently under investigation for posterior drug delivery. This review will discuss recent progress and specific development issues relating to colloidal drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, niosomes, nanoparticles, and microemulsions in ocular drug delivery.
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In this work, doped AlGaAs/GaAs parabolic quantum wells (PQW) with different well widths (from 1000 angstrom up to 3000 angstrom) were investigated by means of photoluminescence (PL) measurements. In order to achieve the 2DEG inside the PQW Si delta doping is placed at both side of the well. We have observed that the thickness of this space layer plays a major rule on the characteristics of the 2DEG. It has to be thicker enough to prevent any diffusions of Si to the well and thin enough to allow electrons migration inside the well. From PL measurement, we have observed beside the intra well transitions, indirect transitions involving still trapped electron on the delta doping and holes inside the PQW. For the thinness sample, we have measured a well defined PL peak at low energy side of the GaAs bulk emission. With the increasing of the well thickness this peak intensity decreases and for the thickest sample it almost disappears. Our theoretical calculation indicated that carriers (electron and holes) are more placed at the center of the PQW. In this way, when the well thickness increases the distance between electrons on the delta doping and holes on the well also increases, it decreases the probability of occurrence of these indirect optical transitions. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Social support and infant malnutrition: a case-control study in an urban area of Southeastern Brazil
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The relationship between malnutrition and social support was first suggested in the mid-1990s. Despite its plausibility, no empirical studies aimed at obtaining evidence of this association could be located. The goal of the present study was to investigate such evidence. A case-control study was carried out including 101 malnourished children (weight-for-age National Center for Health Statistics/WHO 5th percentile) aged 12-23 months, who were compared with 200 well-nourished children with regard to exposure to a series of factors related to their social support system. Univariate and multiple logistic regressions were carried out, odds ratios being adjusted for per capita family income, mother's schooling, and number of children. The presence of an interaction between income and social support variables was also tested. Absence of a partner living with the mother increased risk of malnutrition (odds ratio 2.4 (95 % CI 1.19, 4.89)), even after adjustment for per capita family income, mother's schooling, and number of children. The lack of economic support during adverse situations accounted for a very high risk of malnutrition (odds ratio 10.1 (95 % CI 3.48, 29.13)) among low-income children, but had no effect on children of higher-income families. Results indicate that receiving economic support is an efficient risk modulator for malnutrition among low-income children. In addition, it was shown that the absence of a partner living with the mother is an important risk factor for malnutrition, with an effect independent from per capita family income, mother's schooling, and number of children.
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A hanseníase é doença infecto-contagiosa para a qual, além das condições individuais, outros fatores relacionados aos níveis de endemia e às condições socioeconômicas desfavoráveis influem no risco de adoecer. Objetivou-se reconhecer o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico e o grau de incapacidade instalado dos portadores de hanseníase, atendidos no Centro de Saúde Escola de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. Fizeram parte do estudo 37 pacientes. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do instrumento de consulta de enfermagem. Os resultados mostraram predominância de indivíduos com união estável (78%), brancos (92%), com idade entre 30 e 49 anos (51%), com baixo nível de escolaridade e com renda familiar per capita menor que um salário mínimo. Mais de um terço dos pacientes investigados (35%) apresentavam algum grau de incapacidade física. A associação do baixo perfil socioeconômico com a presença de incapacidades físicas imprime maior vulnerabilidade a essa população, podendo impactar negativamente a sua qualidade de vida.
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Para estudar a ocorrência da utilização do preservativo masculino em relações sexuais pelos portadores do HIV, foram entrevistados 132 indivíduos, sendo 82 homens e 50 mulheres. A maioria do Estado de São Paulo e algumas de outras regiões do País, atendidas na Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. As mulheres eram mais jovens, tinham menor escolaridade, pior qualificação profissional que os homens, e ainda, maior proporção era de viúvas, separadas, desquitadas e divorciadas. Verificou-se que 43,9% dos homens e 72% das mulheres foram contaminados pela via sexual, mas apenas 41,2% dos primeiros e 31,8% das mulheres referiram utilização do preservativo após o diagnóstico de infecção, a maioria de homens e mulheres preferindo observar abstinência sexual. Os resultados permitem concluir que ainda há necessidade de se manter informação continuada sobre a importância do uso do preservativo, além de se garantir sua distribuição gratuita, pelos baixos níveis de instrução e qualificação profissional dos indivíduos. Sugerem, ainda, que as campanhas de divulgação de medidas preventivas considerem as diferenças sociais e culturais das mulheres que se infectam.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Reduced susceptibility or resistance to vancomycin has been reported among clinical isolates of staphylococci in previous studies. In the present study we report on the isolation of four vancomycin-resistant staphylococcal strains from healthy carriers inside and outside the hospital environment. These carriers did not receive treatment with any antibiotic. All coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains showed variable levels of resistance to several antimicrobial agents, including oxacillin, and unstable resistance to vancomycin, with decreased vancomycin MICs (<4 mg/liter) after 10 days of passage in a nonselective medium. However, exposure of these revertants to vancomycin selected staphylococcal strains resistant to vancomycin at very high frequencies (10(-2) and 10(-3)). The vancomycin resistance in these staphylococcal strains was not mediated by the van gene. The cell wall of the staphylococcal strains studied became thickest after culture in medium containing vancomycin, and the differences in cell wall thickness were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Thus, the thickening of the cell wall in these staphylococcal strains may be an important contributor to vancomycin resistance.