A simple spectrophotometry method for the determination of tetracycline and doxycycline in pharmaceutical formulations using chloramine-T

A simple, rapid, accurate and inexpensive spectrophotometric method for the determination of tetracycline and doxycycline has been developed. The method is based on the reaction between these drugs and chloramine-T in alkaline medium producing red color products with absorbance maximum at the λ=535 and 525 nm for the tetracycline and doxycycline, respectively. The best conditions for the reactions have been found using multivariate method. Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration ranges 1. 03 x 10 -5 to 3. 61 x 10 4mol L -1 and 1. 75 x 10 -5 to 3. 48 x 10 4mol L -1 for the tetracycline and doxycycline, respectively. The quantification limits were 5. 63 x 10 -6 mol L -1 and 7. 12 x 10 -7 mol L -1 for the tetracycline and doxycycline, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of these drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and the results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained by the comparative method at the 95% confidence level.

Utilização de métodos combinados de avaliação imobiliária para a elaboração da planta de valores genéricos

The Plant of Generic Values (PVG) is part of the cadastral system of a city hall and is about an important document or support for the urban planning. For its conception some stages are necessary, amongst which the most remarkable: the collection of information and the proper evaluation. A norm number 14653-2 of the ABNT recommends the application of the comparative method of data of market for the evaluation of lands values, but not always this procedure is possible due to absence of significant samples, as in urban areas densely constructed the real estate transactions is restricted, practically, to remarkable are the constructed ones. Thus, this work aims at showing which one, the sources of these data and the problematic found to get them. Moreover, a method is presented, that is an alternative to get the values of lands in the regions where yhere is scarcity of these data, so as to make the results beter. This method deals with the junction of other methods of evaluation to the comparative method of market data. The use of the methodology provided better performance in the procedures, having as a consequence bigger uniformity between the data, that is, the value of evaluation and the value of market equalize. Besides, the separation of the area of work in zones of homogeneous data made possible to generate more models, making use of fewes variables, due to the similarity among the data.

Realized evolvability: quantifying phenotypic evolution in a Drosophila clade

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of azithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations using p-chloranil in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

A flow-injection (FI) spectrophotometric procedure exploiting merging zones is proposed for the determination of azithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the reaction of azithromycin with tetrachloro-phenzoquinone (p-chloranil) accelerated by hydrogen peroxide and conducted in a methanol medium, producing a purple-red color compound (lambda(max) = 540 nm). The FI system and the experimental conditions were optimized using a multivariate method. Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range of 50 - 1600 mu g mL(-1) with an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.9998). The detection limit and the quantification limit were 6.6 and 22.1 mu g mL(-1), respectively. No interference was observed from the common excipients, and the recoveries were within 98.6 to 100.4%. The procedure was applied to the determination of azithromycin in pharmaceuticals with a high sampling rate (65 samples h(-1)). The results obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with those obtained by the comparative method at 95% confidence level.

Diet, phylogeny, and basal metabolic rate in phyllostomid bats

Aside from the pervasive effects of body mass, much controversy exists as to what factors account for interspecific variation in basal metabolic rates (BMR) of mammals; however, both diet and phylogeny have been strongly implicated. We examined variation in BMR within the New World bat family Phyllostomidae, which shows the largest diversity of food habits among mammalian families, including frugivorous, nectarivorous, insectivorous, carnivorous and blood-eating species. For 27 species, diet was taken from the literature and BMR was either measured on animals captured in Brazil or extracted from the literature. Conventional (nonphylogenetic) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with body mass as the covariate, was first used to test the effects of diet on BMR. In this analysis, which assumes that all species evolved simultaneously from a single ancestor (i.e., a star phylogeny), diet exerted a strong effect on mass-in-dependent BMR: nectarivorous bats showed higher mass-independent BMR than other bats feeding on fruits, insects or blood. In phylogenetic ANCOVAs via Monte Carlo computer simulation, which assume that species are part of a branching hierarchical phylogeny, no statistically significant effect of diet on BMR was observed. Hence, results of the nonphylogenetic analysis were misleading because the critical values for testing the effect of diet were underestimated. However, in this sample of bats, diet is perfectly confounded with phylogeny, because the four dietary categories represent four separate subclades, which greatly reduces statistical power to detect a diet (= subclade) effect. But even if diet did appear to exert an influence on BMR in this sample of bats, it would not be logically possible to separate this effect from the possibility that the dietary categories differ for some other reason (i.e., another synapomorphy of one or more of the subclades). Examples such as this highlight the importance of considering phylogenetic relationships when designing new comparative studies, as well as when analyzing existing data sets. We also discuss some possible reasons why BMR may not coadapt with diet. © by Urban & Fischer Verlag.

Sprawling and Urban transportation system: Impacts in the city of Londrina, Parana, Brazil

After nearly 80 years since the construction of its core, represented today by the city's central area, Londrina, located in the state of Parana, has the appearance of a new city but its features and trends of planning policies depict the bad examples of Brazilian cities. With a booming urban growth, from north to south of the county, the urban interstices represented by big voids in the middle of the city created speculation and the concept of an ideal city slowly disappeared. With a metropolitan appearance and, at the same time, with small town aspects, Londrina stands out as an automobile-oriented city, a fact that has impacted the livelihood of the population, generating environmental impacts for all social classes. This paper discusses how the form of occupation in Londrina, characterized by the sprawl phenomenon and its relation to car preference as a mode of transportation has generated urban environmental impacts. It was concluded that the choice of using cars in Londrina, as well in other medium-sized Brazilian cities studied by the comparative method, has increased and has generated bottlenecks in traffic. As a consequence, there is a constant expropriation of properties for widening roads and at the same time, the presence of various densities and urban voids that form an uneven urban space and an obstacle to efficient urban planning. © 2012 WIT Press.

Aplicação de métodos combinados de avaliação imobiliária na elaboração da planta de valores genéricos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Jornalismo literário em pulsação social: cidade partida de Zuenir Ventura

Pós-graduação em Comunicação - FAAC

A tecnologia e a informação na construção de valores de responsabilidade social

Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação - FFC

Saramago, Braff e seus personagens duplos: uma análise comparativa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Manual intermitente: notas sobre a poética ficcional de José Saramago

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Repercussões do trágico e do social no teatro de Dias Gomes: leitura comparativa entre Antígona de Sófocles; O Pagador de Promessas, O Santo Inquérito e As Primícias de Dias Gomes

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS

As construções de identidades nacionais: as óticas poéticas de Agostinho Neto e Fernando Pessoa

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS

Determination of carbofuran and diuron in FIA system using electrochemical sensor modified with organometallic complexes and graphene oxide

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O Ministério Público estadual e a justiciabilidade do direito à qualidade do ensino fundamental público no Brasil: funções e interpretações

Pós-graduação em Educação - FCT