Structural characteristics of the superior venae cavae wall at the intrapericardium segment in adults and aging individuals

The authors admit that the conjunctive-muscular constitution of the walls of the superior venae cavae throughout the length of the intrapericardium segment and the debouchement in the right atrium, associated with the presence of a myocardium sheath can be made up of a functional device of sphincter form able to act on the control of the blood flow to the interior of the arterial chamber as well as stopping blood flow during the arterial systole. The fixation of the venous wall to the deep chamber of the serous pericardium, contributes to growth in resistance during the elevation of venous pressure, making possible the preservation of integrity of the superior venae cavae. The expansion of fasciculi of nodal fibers in the right wall of the superior venae cavae permits that the unlocked impulse in the S-A node also reaches the vascular wall contributing to the shortening and diminution in caliber of the vein.

Mare's folliculogenesis: Assessment of ovarian and perifollicular vascular perfusion by doppler ultrasound

Background: Ultrasound Doppler is a new technology that has recently been used in large animal reproduction. As the conventional ultrasound (B-mode) it is a noninvasive technique, but with the advantage of allows the assessment of the hemodynamic of reproductive tract in real time. The observation of important features of the vascularization and changes that occur during physiological processes that were not previously seen on B-mode encourage a reassessment of the concepts already established on the events of the reproductive physiology of animals and their applications. Review: In attempt to re-understand the equine reproductive physiology and finding practical uses to this new technique, authors showed that, during the follicular deviation, features are observed by Doppler before being observed under B-mode ultrasound like changes in the speed of the blood flow two days before deviation of the follicle size and one day before the increase in blood flow area of the follicular wall. According to another study ovulation is characterized by a decreased blood flow of the follicular wall in the last four hours preceding it, as well as the serration of the granulosa layer and formation of a non vascularized apex, but in our ongoing study, the ability to decrease the vascularity was not found. Very vascularized follicles are associated with higher rates of oocyte maturation and pregnant that does less vascularized follicles in the preovulatory phase. Those follicles that have septated evacuation (or prolonged) showed more vascularization and serration of the granulosa one hour before ovulation than follicles that ovulate normally, and this vascularization includes the apex of the follicle, the follicular wall portion that is not vascularized in normal ovulation. Another study reported that hemorrhagic follicles have better vascularization of the follicular wall on the days preceding ovulation than follicles destined to ovulate. Some authors also showed that anovulatory follicles grow in size at the same rate as ovulatory follicles, but the percentage of vascularization of its wall is much smaller at 35 mm. Another study characterized that the vascular wall of the follicle that results in the first ovulation of the year is much smaller on the day before ovulation than the number of vessels present in a follicle that will ovulate in the middle of the breeding season. In these cases, the use of Doppler ultrasound can help to prevent economic losses as insemination of mares in cycles that are not able of resulting in pregnancy. This review aims to gather the information found in the literature about the characteristics of follicular hemodynamic of mares taking into account moments of deviation in follicle size, ovulation, ovulation failure and follicular viability. Conclusion: The Doppler technology has the potential to provide important information about the follicular environment and thus be used in practice in search of the perfect equine reproductive management, achieving better utilization of genetic material and increasing the financial return. The use of this new tool opens a large area for several interesting studies that will contribute to the knowledge of the physiological events of the mare for that this technique can soon be effectively applied.

Internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm after tonsillectomy treated by endovascular approach - A case report

Surgery on the head and neck region may be complicated by vascular trauma, caused by direct injury on the vascular wall. Lesions of the arteries are more dangerous than the venous one. The traumatic lesion may cause laceration of the artery wall, spasm, dissection, arteriovenous fistula, occlusion or pseudoaneurysm.We present a case of a child with a giant ICA pseudoaneurysm after tonsillectomy, manifested by pulsing mass and respiratory distress, which was treated by endovascular approach, occluding the lesion and the proximal artery with Histoacryl. We reinforce that the endovascular approach is the better way to treat most of the traumatic vascular lesions.

Expressão de MMP-2 e MMP-9 no endométrio de éguas saudáveis e portadoras de endometrite crônica

Avaliaram-se, por método imunoistoquímico, a expressão e distribuição das metaloproteinases (MMP) 2 e 9 em amostras de endométrio hígido e de éguas portadoras de endometrite crônica. Foram utilizadas 60 biópsias endometriais. A MMP-2 foi observada na parede vascular, nas células estromais e no epitélio glandular, e a imunorreatividade mais intensa foi obtida nas células do epitélio glandular nas endometrites da categoria III e na parede vascular nos endométrios da categoria I. A marcação imunoistoquímica para MMP-9 mostrou-se difusa pelo endométrio e foi observada no epitélio luminal e glandular, na região da parede vascular, nas células estromais, endoteliais e do infiltrado inflamatório. Houve diminuição da marcação imunoistoquímica na região da parede vascular conforme aumentou o grau das lesões endometriais concomitante à diminuição da intensidade da reação. Não houve relação na expressão imunoistoquímica das metaloproteinases estudadas com o tipo de endometrite

Novos anticoagulantes para a profilaxia do tromboembolismo venoso em cirurgias ortopédicas de grande porte

Após cerca de 50 anos de experiência com a heparina e antagonistas da vitamina K (AVK), pesquisas e estudos com novos anticoagulantes vêm evoluindo de forma crescente nos últimos anos. Embora consagrados pelo uso, os anticoagulantes tradicionais têm limitações importantes em termos de controle laboratorial, complicações, efeitos colaterais, interações com medicamentos e dieta. A heparina não fracionada (HNF) tem interação com proteínas plasmáticas e parede vascular, pode desencadear trombocitopenia induzida pela heparina (TIH), só pode ser administrada por via parenteral, exige controle laboratorial pelo teste da tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPa), pode provocar osteoporose e alopecia quando usada por períodos prolongados e sua produção tem origem biológica. A AVK tem a vantagem de poder ser ministrada por via oral, mas o controle (feito pela razão normatizada internacional) pode ser difícil em alguns casos, já que tem início de ação demorado, janela terapêutica estreita, interação com dieta e grande número de medicamentos, pode provocar necrose de pele em portadores de deficiência de antitrombina e de proteínas C e S, e pode induzir alterações fetais quando usada na gravidez. Na década de 1980, surgiram as heparinas de baixo peso molecular, que foram uma evolução da heparina não fracionada, pois apresentaram maior biodisponibilidade, dosagem por peso corporal, sem necessidade de controle laboratorial, administração por via subcutânea, menor risco de trombocitopenia induzida pela heparina, e eficácia e segurança similares à heparina não fracionada. Na última década surgiram, então, uma série de novos anticoagulantes no mercado, os quais têm apresentado resultados promissores em várias situações de profilaxia e tratamento do tromboembolismo venoso. Nesta revisão, são apresentados as novas heparinas de baixo peso molecular, as heparinas de ultrabaixo peso molecular, os pentassacarídeos, os novos inibidores diretos do fator Xa e inibidores do fator IIa.

Características estruturais da parede das artérias renal e femoral de coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

In the renal and femoral arteries of rabbit was verified that both vessels had walls structured by myostromal components, despite of their different distributive of blood, being the renal artery a visceral blood vessel and the femoral artery a parietal vessel. This wall pattern in these vessels concerned to presence of connective stromal elements (collagen and elastic fibres and lamellae) and smooth muscle cells coexisting with some equilibrium in the wall structure of the renal and femoral arteries, mainly in the medial layer architecture. An intimal folding pattern was verified around the vascular lumen, possibly related to capacitance of the both arteries regarding to variability of pressure levels in cardiac cycle. Furthermore, myostromal relations of connective elements and smooth muscle cells verified in the medial layer and the network formed by connective elements in the adventitial layer of these arteries contributed to maintenance of wall viscoelasticity properties of the vessels.

Carotid arteries in the dog: Structure and histophysiology

Light microscopy analysis of the mural structure of the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery and external carotid artery in mongrel dog revealed variability in the middle values of vascular diameter and thickness of the intimal plus medial coats and adventitial coat. The vascular diameter did not differ between the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery, but was significantly increased in the common carotid artery from which the other two arteries had origin. The increased thickness of the intimal plus medial coats of the common carotid artery revealed the constant mechanical adjustment of the arterial wall and local shearing stress that occurred among the arterial coats. The adventitial coat of the internal carotid artery was significantly thicker than those of the common carotid and external carotid arteries, with no significant difference noted between the latter arteries. These histomorphometric results were related to the qualitative observations regarding the mural structure of the three arteries analyzed, especially regarding to the increased thickness and structural complexity of the adventitial coat of the internal carotid artery. Perhaps it acted as an external protective sheath of the vascular wall during its long course until the carotid channel. © 2006 Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía.

Características ultraestruturais do segmento abdominal da aorta de rato albino

The objective of the present research was to investigate the ultrastructural peculiarities of the aortic wall of the rat. Seven young adult rats were used, from which fragments of the infrarenal abdominal aorta were collected. After collection, the vascular segments were fixed and sent for analysis by scanning electron microscope. The elastic lamellae appear interposed with smooth muscular fibers; this pattern was verified mainly at the medial layer structure. Among the mural elements a well defined interrelationship was established through connective lamellae of the arterial wall. The collagen lamellae mainly provided anchoring among the elastic and smooth muscular constituents. The intimal layer showed special ultrastructural features, such as a non-continuous inner elastic lamina presented in certain sites of the vascular wall, followed by endothelial pores. This mural pattern of the abdominal aorta provided support to vascular functions such as shrinkage among the laminar composition of the arterial layers, also acting in mechanical properties of the vascular wall, such as viscoelasticity and contractility - essential actions to blood vessel hemodynamics.

Implante venosos homólogo conservado em glutaraldeído da veia jugular em eqüinos: avaliação clínica, ultra-sonográfica e histopatológica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Indicadores nutricionais e níveis de homocisteína em pacientes com doença arterial periférica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caracterização histoquímica do colágeno e expressão de MMP-2, MMP-9 e TIMP-1 nas endometrites crônicas das éguas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação ultra-estrutural dos vasos da íris, corpo ciliar e retina em ratos diabéticos aloxânicos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Novos anticoagulantes para a profilaxia do tromboembolismo venoso em cirurgias ortopédicas de grande porte: revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randonizados

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm after tonsillectomy treated by endovascular approach. A case report

Surgery on the head and neck region may be complicated by vascular trauma, caused by direct injury on the vascular wall. Lesions of the arteries are more dangerous than the venous one. The traumatic lesion may cause laceration of the artery wall, spasm, dissection, arteriovenous fistula, occlusion or pseudoaneurysm. We present a case of a child with a giant ICA pseudoaneurysm after tonsillectomy, manifested by pulsing mass and respiratory distress, which was treated by endovascular approach, occluding the lesion and the proximal artery with Histoacryl. We reinforce that the endovascular approach is the better way to treat most of the traumatic vascular lesions.

Aspectos morfológicos da veia efálica na trombose aguda experimental e na aplicação de cateter de Fogarty em equinos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)