Stirring, charging, and picking: hunting tactics of potamotrygonid rays in the upper Paraná River

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

The frog Dermatonotus muelleri (Boettger 1885) (Anura Microhylidae) shifts its search tactics in response to two different prey distributions

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Redução de aplicações de inseticidas através da adoção de táticas de manejo integrado do Triozoida limbata (Enderlein, 1918) (Hemiptera: triozidae) em goiabeira

The guava tree pest that has been requesting larger control frequency, in the area of Jaboticabal - São Paulo in the last years, is the psilideo Triozoida limbata. Thus, the objectives of this research were: a) Compare control tactics T. limbata based on monitoring and selectivity of insecticide to decrease the applications; b) To register and to correlate the natural enemies in habitants in guava tree ecosystem with the key pest and with meteorological factors; c) See if the control of T. limbata affects the population of fruit flies and d) To verify the efficiency of appropriate insecticides to IMP, in control of T. limbata. The experiment was conducted in 2004, in an orchard of Paluma cultivar in Vista Alegre do Alto, SP. The used strategies were (doses in g.a.i./100L water): control; imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin (2.5 + 0.3); acetamiprid (4.0); fenpropathrin (15.0) and regional conventional treatment. It was concluding that is possible to reduce the number of applications of less aggressive insecticides to the environment and the man, with the adoption of monitoring of T. limbata and implementing the action level. The natural enemies' populations densities (Scymnus spp., Cycloneda sanguinea, Azia luteipes, Crysoperla spp., Polybia spp., Brachygastra ssp.) present positive correlations with the populations of T. limbata. Population fluctuations of T. limbata and natural enemies are not altered by meteorological factors (precipitation and temperature) in irrigated orchard. The population of Anastrepha spp. is minimized when of the applications is for control T. limbata. The insecticides imidacloprid, imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin, acetamiprid and fenpropathrin are efficient in the control of T. limbata.

The more stirring the better: cichlid fishes associate with foraging potamotrygonid rays

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Os sistemas de jogo e as regras do futebol: considerações sobre suas modificações

Since the sport of football field as the main focus and it is directly related to sports phenomenon up to understood of changes occurring in the rules and game systems over the years. The main aim was analyzed the historical changes in the soccer with relation to the game systems and rules, and their consequences. The research is qualitative type and uses the bibliographic collection as instrument. For this, it was searched in the published literature data about the present study subject. The results indicated for a soccer tactics and rules set that it was constructed with the evolution and consolidation of the soccer. It was concluded that the game system had suffered many alterations during the historical process of soccer development, but this process leaved poured the spectacle of the game. In the other way, the rules had suffered great alterations with regard to the soccer primaries, but after its consolidation as universal sport, they had remained almost the same, having assisted in the maintenance of the soccer characteristics and status.

Population structure, feeding and reproductive aspects of Serrapinnus heterodon (Characidae, Cheirodontinae) in a Mogi Guaçu reservoir (SP), upper Paraná River basin

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Foraging behavior of the Restinga Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes Kronei) (Aves, Tyrannidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Behavioural defences of anurans: an overview

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Oportunismo alimentar de Knodus moenkhausii (Teleostei, Characidae): uma espécie abundante em riachos do noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Desempenho escolar da criança vitimizada encaminhada ao fórum judicial

O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar o desempenho escolar da criança vítima de violência doméstica atendida no Fórum Judicial. Participaram do estudo 20 crianças vitimizadas comparadas com seus pares da mesma sala de aula, mesmo sexo e mesma faixa etária, mas sem histórico de violência doméstica, suas respectivas mães e professoras. As crianças responderam ao Teste de Desempenho Escolar, Inventário de Estilos Parentais e ao Teste de Raven (Escala Especial) e apresentaram o caderno escolar. As mães responderam a uma entrevista e a Escala de Táticas de Conflitos Revisada (CTS-2). As professoras apresentaram sua opinião sobre o desempenho acadêmico dos participantes. Os dados obtidos mostraram que a criança vitimizada tem desempenho escolar inferior ao grupo controle. Os resultados da CTS-2 indicaram que a maioria das crianças vitimizadas estava exposta à violência conjugal. O estudo mostrou que, além da violência doméstica direta e indireta, tais crianças estavam expostas a outros fatores de risco, tais como, pobreza, baixa escolaridade materna e uso de álcool e/ou droga por familiares.

Silício como indutor de resistência no controle do tripes do prateamento Enneothrips flavens Moulton, 1941 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) e seus reflexos na produtividade do amendoinzeiro

O tripes do prateamento, Enneothrips flavens Moulton, 1941, é considerado a principal praga do amendoim no Brasil, por sua ocorrência generalizada, pelos elevados níveis populacionais e pelos danos causados a cultura. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito do silício sobre a população de E. flavens e sobre a produtividade do amendoinzeiro. Avaliaram-se, semanalmente, 10 folíolos abertos ou semi-abertos no terço superior das plantas do cultivar IAC 886, por parcela. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por: uma aplicação foliar de silício realizada aos 20 dias após a emergência, duas aplicações foliares de silício realizadas aos 20 e 55 dias, e o controle. Uma aplicação de silício proporcionou proteção às plantas de amendoim, reduzindo o número de adultos e ninfas do tripes de E. flavens e aumentou a produtividade da cultura em 31,30% de amendoim em casca e 28,85% em grãos.

Size and sex compositions, length-weight relationship, and occurrence of the Brazilian sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon lalandii, caught by artisanal fishery from southeastern Brazil

Although the Brazilian sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon lalandii (Muller and Henle, 1839), is an inshore species widely distributed in the Western Atlantic from Panama to Uruguay, there is little available information on its biology. During a long-term study of small coastal sharks caught by gill net fisheries in southeastern Brazil (PROJETO CACAO), 3643 specimens of R. lalandii were examined, comprising 61.3% of the total sharks,and including all sizes classes, from 30 to 78,5 cm TL., and weights from 100 to 2950 g. The length-weight relationships were not significantly different between sexes, Overall sex ratio favoured the males slightly at the rate of 1.3: 1. Sex ratios, however, did differ significantly between season and size classes. This species occurred in this area all year long. Three seasonal size-class Occurrence patterns were recognized: (1) between October and March, the juveniles were more frequents (2) from April to July, adults were most common, and (3) from August to September, neonates were most numerically abundant. Such patterns we to associated with reproductive tactics that may reduce intra-specific and inter-specific competition with hammerhead shark neonates (Sphyrna lewini). probably result in reduced natural mortality of the offspring during their first few months. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

EthoSeq: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and data mining in behavioral sequences

This article introduces the software program called EthoSeq, which is designed to extract probabilistic behavioral sequences (tree-generated sequences, or TGSs) from observational data and to prepare a TGS-species matrix for phylogenetic analysis. The program uses Graph Theory algorithms to automatically detect behavioral patterns within the observational sessions. It includes filtering tools to adjust the search procedure to user-specified statistical needs. Preliminary analyses of data sets, such as grooming sequences in birds and foraging tactics in spiders, uncover a large number of TGSs which together yield single phylogenetic trees. An example of the use of the program is our analysis of felid grooming sequences, in which we have obtained 1,386 felid grooming TGSs for seven species, resulting in a single phylogeny. These results show that behavior is definitely useful in phylogenetic analysis. EthoSeq simplifies and automates such analyses, uncovers much of the hidden patterns of long behavioral sequences, and prepares this data for further analysis with standard phylogenetic programs. We hope it will encourage many empirical studies on the evolution of behavior.

Anurans as prey: an exploratory analysis and size relationships between predators and their prey

The vertebrate predators of post-metamorphic anurans were quantified and the predator-prey relationship was investigated by analysing the relative size of invertebrate predators and anurans. More than 100 vertebrate predators were identified (in more than 200 reports) and classified as opportunistic, convenience, temporary specialized and specialized predators. Invertebrate predators were classified as solitary non-venomous, venomous and social foragers according to 333 reviewed reports. Each of these categories of invertebrate predators was compared with the relative size of the anurans, showing an increase in the relative size of the prey when predators used special predatory tactics. The number of species and the number of families of anurans that were preyed upon did not vary with the size of the predator, suggesting that prey selection was not arbitrary and that energetic constraints must be involved in this choice. The relatively low predation pressure upon brachycephalids was related to the presence of some defensive strategies of its species. This compounding review can be used as the foundation for future advances in vertebrate predator-prey interactions.