Agronomic effectiveness of cationic phosphate impurities present in superphosphate fertilizers as affected by soil pH

The general concept that low-water-soluble phosphorus (P) fertilizers should be more agronomically effective when applied to acidic soils was developed based on sources containing mainly calcium (Ca)-P compounds, but it may not hold true for sources with different chemical composition. To obtain information related to this issue, two important iron (Fe)-potassium (K)-P compounds present in superphosphates [Fe 3 KH 8 (PO 4 ) 6·6H 2 O, H8, and Fe 3 KH 14 (PO 4 ) 8·4H 2 O, H14] were prepared and characterized. These P sources were used to provide 30 and 60 mg P kg -1 as neutral ammonium citrate (NAC)+H 2 O-soluble P. Reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP) was used as a standard P source with high water solubility with an additional rate of 120 mg P kg -1 included. Also, mixtures of both Fe-K-P compounds and MCP were prepared to provide 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the total P as MCP. All sources were applied to a clayey loamy acid soil (pH 5.3) classified as Rhodic Kanhapludult. The soil was incubated at two rates (0 and 10 g kg -1 ) of lime, which resulted in pH 5.4 and 6.8. Upland rice was cultivated to maturity. The H14 compound confirmed to be a highly effective source of P for the rice plants at both soil pH, as opposed to the H8, which was poorly effective when applied alone. When mixed with water-soluble P (WSP), the H8 was able to provide P to the plants with the maximum yield of upland rice reached with 54.8 and 80.5% of WSP for pH 5.4 and 6.8, respectively. The high agronomic performance of the H14 compound clearly indicates that this low-water-soluble P source cannot be deemed as ineffective at high soil pH. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Are Reactive Rock Phosphate and Superphosphate Mixtures Suitable for No-Till Soybean?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Resposta de mudas de goiabeira a doses e modos de aplicação de fertilizante fosfatado

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de goiabeira em resposta a doses e modos de aplicação de fertilizante fosfatado. As mudas de goiabeira foram transplantadas em conjuntos de vasos (sacos plásticos, 18 x 28 cm) geminados, contendo em cada lado 2,8 dm³ do subsolo de um Argissolo (P resina = 1 mg dm-3), de modo que a metade do sistema radicular ficasse em cada vaso. Usou-se um fatorial 2 x 3 x 2 + 1 (testemunha, sem fósforo), em 5 blocos casualizados. As doses de 70; 140 e 280 mg de P dm-3 de solo, na forma de superfosfato triplo, foram aplicadas de dois modos diferentes com relação ao solo (distribuído em todo o volume do solo ou localizado a 1/3 de profundidade) e dois modos diferentes com relação às raízes (dividindo-se a dose igualmente entre os dois vasos do conjunto ou aplicando-se a dose total em um único vaso). Cem dias após o transplante, verificou-se maior acúmulo de P e maior produção de matéria seca nas plantas que receberam adubação fosfatada. As mudas de goiabeira responderam positivamente à adubação fosfatada, sendo a dose próxima de 100 mg de P dm-3 de solo suficiente para o bom desenvolvimento das plantas. Doses acima de 200 mg de P dm-3 promoveram redução do crescimento das mudas de goiabeira. A disponibilização de fósforo à metade ou a todo o sistema radicular da goiabeira não afetou o suprimento desse nutriente às mudas e tampouco o seu desenvolvimento. A aplicação do adubo fosfatado distribuído em todo o volume de solo no vaso proporcionou maior desenvolvimento do sistema radicular e menor desenvolvimento da parte aérea das mudas de goiabeira, comparado à aplicação localizada do adubo a 1/3 de profundidade.

Resposta à inoculação de fungo solubilizador de fósforo em milho

Este trabalho procurou verificar o efeito da adição de duas fontes de fosfato prontamente disponíveis, superfosfato triplo e fosfato solubilizado obtido por via microbiológica e uma fonte não prontamente disponível, apatita de Araxá, na cultura do milho. em adição, foi verificado o efeito da inoculação do fungo Aspergillus niger, solubilizador de fosfato de rocha e da adição de matéria orgânica. Nos tratamentos em que se usou matéria orgânica, houve um aumento de população microbiana total do solo, mas nenhum efeito foi observado na produção e absorção de fósforo pela cultura do milho. Tanto o superfosfato triplo como a apatita de Araxá permitiram resultados mais favoráveis em termos de produção de massa seca e absorção de fósforo pelo milho em relação ao controle (sem fósforo) e à utilização de fosfato solubilizado. Também não se constatou efeito da inoculação de A. niger sobre a solubilização do fosfato de rocha, possivelmente devido à interferência dos microrganismos naturais do solo. O numero de microrganismos e a atividade da fosfatase ácida foram menores no solo fertilizado com superfosfato triplo que com apatita de Araxá.

Efeitos do fósforo e potássio no rendimento e em outras características agronômicas do algodoeiro herbáceo

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da utilização de doses de fósforo e de potássio no rendimento e nas características agronômicas do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cv. IAC 20, foi conduzido um experimento em 1994/95, num Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro do Campo Experimental da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Oeste (CPAO), em Ponta Porã, MS. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, num esquema fatorial 3 x 5, com quatro repetições. As doses foram de 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de superfosfato triplo; 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 de K2O, na forma de KCl. Somente as doses de K2O influenciaram significativamente o rendimento de algodão em caroço, a altura da planta e o peso de 100 sementes e dos capulhos.

Adubação com nitrogênio e potássio em mudas de goiabeira em viveiro comercial

The fertilization takes key role at the production of fruit seedlings in order to ensure a good development and early production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen and potassium on the growth of guava seedlings. Herbaceous stakes of guava, Paluma cultivar, were rooted in a mist room, in polyethylene bags containing substrate. The experiment was conducted in a commercial nursery, in randomized blocks and a factorial scheme 4x4, with four doses of nitrogen (0, 552, 828 and 1104 mg dm(-3)) and four doses of potassium (0, 726, 1,089 and 1,452 mg dm(-3)) in three replications and three plants for parcel. During the filling of the bags (1,5 dm(-3)), were added 100 mg dm(-3) of superphosphate, while fertilizers containing nitrogen and potassium were split into three times. After 120 days, the seedlings were evaluated. There was a significant effect of nitrogen in the variables height, stem diameter, number of leaves, SPAD index, dry weight of leaves, stems, total, Dickson quality index, and nitrogen accumulation. The fertilization with potassium did not influence the biometric parameters, SPAD index and Dickson quality index.

Bacterial diversity in soil in response to different plans, phosphate fertilizers and liming

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Adubação nitrogenada e fosfatada no desenvolvimeno de mudas de uvaia (Eugenia uvalha)

Considering the reduced number of works with fertilization of Eugenia uvalha in national literature and being overcome as base the results of the research with fertilization of other fruitful ones, the present work had as objective to study the effect of nitrogen fertilization and phosphorus, in the culture of the Eugenia uvalha. The work was lead in the Department of Agriculture of the Federal University of Lavras, Lavras - MG, in the first semester of 2005. The experiment was adopted the experimental delineation of randomized blocks in factorial project 4 X 4, with four repetitions and 5 plants for parcel, having been 4 doses of phosphorus: 0 kg m(-3); 2,5 kg m(-3); 5,0 kg m(-3); 10,0 kg m(-3); using itself as seasoning source the triple superphosphate. Already for nitrogen, the applications proceeded from 10 in 10 days had been used 4 doses in covering being, had been carried through 4 applications. The applications consisted of a solution with urea, in the doses: 0; 0,8; 1,6 e 3,2 Kg m(-3), in each application had been added to the polyethylene bags, 20 mL of solution contend the N. had been evaluated the following characteristics: height of the dumb one (cm); root length (cm); leaf number; dry substance of the root and the aerial part (g). For the production of changes of Eugenia uvalha of quality, incorporation to the substratum of up to 1,30 kg m(-3) of P(2)O(5) sends regards to it.

PHOSPHORUS EFFECTS IN THE NUTRITION and GROWTH of DEVELOPING MANGO PLANTS

The objective was to study the effects of phosphorous (P) fertilization on nutritional and developmental aspects of growing mango plants. The mango plants were evaluated by soil chemical analyses, leaf chemical analyses, biological examination of plant growth, and the starting point of fruit production. Having this in view, an experiment was set up on 2 January 2003, at Flora, a farm in Uberlandia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The soil was a clayish Oxisol. The doses at planting were: D0 = zero, D1 = 40, D2 = 100, D3 = 200, and D4 = 300 g of P2O5 plant-1. These doses at the beginning of the second year were multiplied by 1.5 and at the beginning of the third year by 2.0 and applied to the plants. The fertilizer used in this experiment was triple superphosphate (44% of P2O5.). During August of 2004, 2005, and 2006, soil samples were taken at a depth of 20 cm in between the plant rows. Leaf samples were taken during August of 2004 and 2005 to determine macro- and micronutrient contents in the leaves. Plant stem diameter was measured during January of 2004 and 2005. Plant height and crown radius were measured during January of 2005 and fruit production in 2005 and 2006. Fertilizer applications increased the level of P in the soil but significantly influenced plant performance only after the second year. The effects of phosphorus on mango plants take place slowly leading to increments in plant stem diameter only at the third year. Fruit set was not influenced by phosphorous fertilization.

Resposta de mudas de goiabeira a aplicação de fósforo

Phosphorus is a nutrient that most limits plant growth because of its importance in nutrition and low concentration in tropical soils. The present study aimed to evaluate the response of guava to application of phosphorus. For this, the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at UNESP, Jaboticabal Campus, with guava plants (cv. Paluma) from herbaceous plants cultivated in plastic bags (2.8 dm(-3)), filled with Alfissol (P = 2 mg dm(-3)), between November 2007 and April 2008. The treatments consisted of five doses of phosphorus (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg dm(-3)) in the form of triple superphosphate (44% P(2)O(5)), arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. After 100 days of transplantation evaluated the phosphorus content in soil, dry weight of shoot and root phosphorus and zinc in the shoot. The highest production of dry weight guava was a dose of 257 g dm(-3) of phosphorus and was associated with P content in soil and leaf 110 mg dm(-3) and 2,3 g kg(-1).

Dinâmica do surgimento de brotos de alfafa em função de diferentes fontes de fósforo, da aplicação de gesso e do momento de calagem

O fósforo (P) é um importante nutriente para o surgimento de brotos em alfafa. Através do estudo da dinâmica do aparecimento de brotos pode-se obter informações que auxiliam na adoção de um manejo eficiente. Diversas fontes de P estão disponíveis no mercado, sendo que a eficiência deste nutriente é afetada pela acidez do solo. O uso do gesso com fosfato de rocha pode corrigir o perfil do solo em relação ao alumínio e diminuir a fixação de P. Num experimento conduzido em vasos, superfosfato triplo (ST), fosfato de Gafsa (FG) e FG com gesso, aplicados antes e depois da calagem, foram avaliados para se estudar o número de brotos laterais e basais em alfafa, assim como a dinâmica do surgimento destes brotos em função das seguintes doses: 0, 50, 100 e 200 mg P dm-3. A avaliação envolveu três cortes da cultura. A dose de 100 mg P dm-3 retardou em 6 a 15 dias o surgimento do segundo broto basal quando comparada à dose de 200 mg P dm-3. Os brotos laterais surgiram 24 dias após o aparecimento dos brotos basais quando empregou-se a dose de 200 mg P dm-3. A adição de fósforo aumentou o número de brotos basais e laterais de 1,5 e 0,5 broto/planta para 8,0 e 6,9 brotos/planta, respectivamente. Verificou-se um maior número de hastes basais com a utilização do FG (5,1 brotos/planta) do que com o uso de ST (2,9 brotos/planta). Não houve efeito do gesso sobre os brotos laterais. O uso do FG mais gesso resultou em 5,9 brotos basais/planta, enquanto que o uso do FG não combinado com gesso resultou em 3,9 brotos basais/planta. Não houve efeito do momento de calagem sobre o número de brotos da alfafa.

Phosphate fertilization and phosphorus forms in an Oxisol under no-till

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Phosphorus sources and fractions in an oxisol under no-tilled soybean

A dinâmica do P no solo pode ser modificada em sistemas com semeadura direta. Os agricultores brasileiros vêm aplicando fósforo na superfície do solo para otimizar a operação de máquinas, embora não seja uma prática recomendada pela pesquisa. Foi conduzido um experimento para estudar os efeitos da aplicação de duas fontes de fósforo na superfície do solo e no sulco de semeadura da soja. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação ou não de 80 kg ha-1 de P total como fosfato natural reativo e superfosfato, aplicados na superfície do solo, sobre os resíduos da cultura anterior. Na semeadura da soja, tratamentos adicionais (80 kg ha-1 de fosfato natural ou superfosfato) foram aplicados ao sulco de semeadura. O solo foi amostrado até 40 cm de profundidade, antes da semeadura da soja e após a colheita. Uma amostra controle foi tomada de área adjacente, sem cultivo. Houve aumento nos teores de P até 40 cm de profundidade, após a colheita da soja, de modo que o aumento foi observado principalmente no P ligado ao Ca e no P orgânico. Entretanto houve decréscimo nos teores de P ligado ao Fe. A adubação com ambas as fontes de fosfato levaram a um decréscimo nos teores de P ocluso na superfície do solo quando comparada com a área sem cultivo.

Efeito da adubação fosfata sobre o acúmulo de biomassa e teor de brix de duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of matter, dry matter content of Brix and two varieties of sugar cane, influenced by the phosphorus cultivated on "Zona da Mata" region, State of Alagoas. The experiment, a factorial 2 x 6, was composed of two varieties of cane; RB867515 and RB92579 and six phosphorus levels: zero, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha(-1), with the source of the phosphorus triple superphosphate. Was also used nitrogen and potassium in doses equivalent to 100 and 200 kg ha(-1) and K, respectively. The soil of the experimental area was set to raise the base saturation to 60%. At the beginning of the first rainfall of the rainy season of 2006 was performed with micro fertilization in coverage, in doses equivalent to 6,0; 6,0 and 7,0 kg ha(-1) of Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively. Was The chemical control of weeds. Every month, from August to October 2006, samples were collected in the cane plant. There was initially the number of plants m(2), followed by weighing the material. It was subsequently withdrawn a subsample containing ten plants for weighing. After weighing the material was passed in horsemanship and homogenized, again drew up a sample of approximately 300g, leading them to forced ventilation oven at 65 degrees C, toobtain constant weight. Resulting in the production of natural (MN) and dry matter (DM). In July, we analyzed the levels of Brix% juice in the refractometer Brix. The average values of production of natural (MN), dry matter (DM) and contents of Brix% were subjected to analysis of variance and regression for variables. The accumulation of dry matter and were influenced by fertilization. The contents of Brix% in two varieties did not suffer significant influence of fertilization.

Fósforo na produtividade e qualidade de sementes de feijão Carioca Precoce cultivado no período das águas

Common bean is an important crop in Brazilian agriculture and phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most yield limiting factors for this crop, thus plant P-deficiency can hamper the seed physiological quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and quality of common bean seeds cv. Carioca Precoce cultivated during the rainy season in response to phosphate fertilizer. Six levels of P (0; 30; 60; 90; 120 and 150 kg of P2O5 had), with five replications, were applied in the groove of sowing as triple superphosphate. The seeds yield, at the experimental plot, was determined by the dry weight. Seed quality was evaluated through the following determinations: 100-seed mass, seed moisture content, germination, first counting, moisture content after accelerated aging, germination after accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, seedling emergence in the field and seedlings dry weight. The productivity of beans seeds 'Carioca Precoce' cultivated during the rainy season increased linearly as related to phosphorus rates. The 100-seed mass and the physiological quality of seeds have not changed by increasing of P levels.