Effect of oral infections on serum creatinine levels in diabetic rats

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pulpal and/or periodontal disease and serum creatinine levels in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Methods: Eighty male rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Wistar) were divided into the following 8 groups compris-ing 10 animals each: normal (G1), with pulpal disease (G2), with periodontal disease (G3), with both pulpal and periodontal disease (G4), diabetic (G5), diabetic with pulpal disease (G6), diabetic with periodontal disease (G7), and diabetic with both pulpal and periodontal disease (G8). Diabetes was induced by injecting streptozotocin, pul-pal disease were induced by exposing pulpal tissue to the oral environment, and periodontal disease was induced by periodontal ligature. After 30 days, blood was collected by cardiac puncture and the animals were killed. The maxillae were processed for histopathology. Serum creatinine levels were measured by the enzymatic method. The total assessed values were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Results: Serum creatinine levels were significantly higher in diabetic rats than that in all normoglycemic rats (p < 0.05). The presence of pulpal and periodontal disease increased the serum creatinine levels in normoglycemic and diabetic rats, but there was no statistical difference between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: We found that the serum creatinine level was higher in diabetic rats and may be related to the pres-ence of oral infections. Clinical significance: Changes in serum creatinine level may be related to the presence of oral infections and diabetes.

Serum cortisol, lactate and creatinine concentrations in Thoroughbred fillies of different ages and states of training

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Renal Evaluation of Aotus azarai infulatus by Ultrasonography and Serum Chemistry Profile

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Serum cystatin C is a sensitive early marker for changes in the glomerular filtration rate in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery

OBJECTIVE: Pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy results in transient oliguria and decreased glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. The presence of oliguria and elevated serum creatinine is suggestive of acute renal injury. Serum cystatin C has been described as a new marker for the detection of this type of injury. In this study, our aim was to compare the glomerular filtration rate estimated using cystatin C levels with the rate estimated using serum creatinine in patients with normal renal function who were undergoing laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: In total, 41 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy or hiatoplasty were recruited for the study. Blood samples were collected at three time intervals: first, before intubation (T1); second, 30 minutes after the establishment of pneumoperitoneum (T2); and third, 30 minutes after deflation of the pneumoperitoneum (T3). These blood samples were then analyzed for serum cystatin C, creatinine, and vasopressin. The Larsson formula was used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate based on the serum cystatin C levels, and the Cockcroft-Gault formula was used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate according to the serum creatinine levels. RESULTS: Serum cystatin C levels increased during the study (T1 = T2serum creatinine levels decreased (T1 = T2>T3; p<0.05). The calculated eGlomerular filtration rate-Larsson decreased, whereas the eGlomerular filtration rate-Cockcroft-Gault increased. There was no correlation between cystatin C and serum creatinine. Additionally, Pearson's analysis showed a better correlation between serum cystatin C and the eGlomerular filtration rate than between serum creatinine and the eGlomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that serum cystatin C is a more sensitive indicator of changes in the glomerular filtration rate than serum creatinine is in patients with normal renal function who are undergoing laparoscopic procedures.

Effect of inhaling cymbopogon martinii essential oil and geraniol on serum biochemistry parameters and oxidative stress in rats

The effects of the inhalation of Cymbopogon martinii essential oil (EO) and geraniol on Wistar rats were evaluated for biochemical parameters and hepatic oxidative stress. Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n = 8): G1 was control group, treated with saline solution; G2 received geraniol; and G3 received C. martinii EO by inhalation during 30 days. No significant differences were observed in glycemia and triacylglycerol levels; G2 and G3 decreased (P < 0.05) total cholesterol level. There were no differences in serum protein, urea, aspartate aminotransferase activity, and total hepatic protein. Creatinine levels increased in G2 but decreased in G3. Alanine aminotransferase activity and lipid hydroperoxide were higher in G2 than in G3. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were higher in G3. C. martinii EO and geraniol increased glutathione peroxidase. Oxidative stress caused by geraniol may have triggered some degree of hepatic toxicity, as verified by the increase in serum creatinine and alanine aminotransferase. Therefore, the beneficial effects of EO on oxidative stress can prevent the toxicity in the liver. This proves possible interactions between geraniol and numerous chemical compounds present in C. martinii EO.

Rat model of depending prostaglandin renal state: Effect of ketoprofen

Introduction .The renal prostaglandins (PGs), vasodilators, preserve kidney function during increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system or renal sympathetic nerves (renal PG-dependent state [RPGD]). Ketoprofen (Ket) inhibits cyclooxygenase and, therefore, the synthesis of PGs. The aim of this study was to determine, in the rat, the action of Ket in the renal histology and function in a RPGD state (stress of anesthesia and hemorrhage). Material and Methods . Twenty male Wistar rats, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, were randomly divided into two groups: G1-control ( n = 10) and G2-Ket ( n = 10) submitted to arterial hemorrhage of 30% of volemia (estimated as 6% of body weight) three times (10% each 10 min), 65 min after anesthesia. G2 animals received Ket, 1.5 mg. kg -1 , venously, 5 min after anesthesia and 60 min before the first hemorrhage moment (first moment of the study [M1]). Medium arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (T), and heart rate were monitored. G1 and G2 received para-aminohippurate sodium (PAH) and iothalamate sodium (IOT) solutions during the entire experimental time in order to determine clearance of PAH (effective renal plasma flow [ERPF]) and clearance of IOT (glomerular filtration rate [GFR]) without urine collection (determination of blood concentrations of PAH and IOT through the high-performance liquid chromatography), filtration fraction (FF), and renal vascular resistance (RVR). The animals were sacrificed in M3, 30 min after the third hemorrhage (M2) moment, and the kidneys and blood collected during the hemorrhage periods were utilized for histological study and determinations of hematocrit (Ht), serum creatinine (S Cr ), ERPF, GFR, FF, and RVR, respectively. Results . There were significant reductions of MAP, T, and Ht and a significant increase of S Cr . During the experiment, ERPF and GFR did not change, but ERPF was always higher in G1 than in G2. Ket did not alter FF, which increased in G1 over the duration of experiment. The Ket group had significantly higher RVR than the control group. The histology verified that both G1 and G2 were similar for tubular dilation and necrosis, but they were significantly different for tubular degeneration: G1 > G2. Conclusion . The changes observed in kidney histology probably were determined by hemorrhage and hypotension. Ket inhibited the synthesis of PGs and diminished tubular degeneration.

Prevention of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats using acetylcysteine after anesthesia with isoflurane

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da N-acetilcisteína na proteção renal contra lesão de isquemia/reperfusão, quando administrada logo após a indução anestésica, em ratos anestesiados com isoflurano. MÉTODOS: Dezoito ratos Wistar machos pesando mais que 300g foram anestesiados com isoflurano. A jugular interna direita e a carótida esquerda foram dissecadas e canuladas. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em GAcetil, recebendo N-acetilcisteína por via intravenosa, 300mg/kg, e GIsot, solução salina. Foi realizada nefrectomia direita e clampeamento da artéria renal esquerda por 45 min. Os animais foram sacrificados após 48h, sendo colhidas amostras sanguíneas após a indução anestésica e ao sacrifício dos mesmos para avaliar a creatinina sérica. Realizou-se histologia renal. RESULTADOS: A variação da creatinina foi 2,33mg/dL ± 2,21 no GAcetil e 4,38mg/dL ± 2,13 no GIsot (p=0,074). Dois animais apresentaram necrose tubular intensa no GAcetil, comparados a cinco no GIsot. Apenas GAcetil apresentou animais livres de necrose tubular (dois) e degeneração tubular (um). CONCLUSÃO: Após isquemia/reperfusão renais, os ratos aos quais se administrou N-acetilcisteína apresentaram menor variação na creatinina sérica e lesões renais mais leves que o grupo controle.

Remifentanil, Isoflurane, and Preconditioning Attenuate Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Effects in the Kidney During Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats Anesthetized with Isoflurane

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Erythropoietin Attenuates Apoptosis After Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Renal Injury in Transiently Hyperglycemic Wister Rats

Background. Hyperglycemia is associated with a decreased tolerance to ischemia and an increased severity of renal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. It has been suggested that erythropoietin (EPO) attenuates this effect in normoglycemic animals. This study sought to examine the effects of EPO on treatment renal I/R injury (IRI) in transiently hyperglycemic rats.Material and Methods. Twenty-eight male Wister rats anesthetized with isoflurane received glucose (2.5 g.kg(-1) intraperitoneally) before right nephrectomy. They were randomly assigned to four groups: sham operation (S); IRI (ISO); IRI+EPO, (600 UI kg(-1) low-dose EPO [EL]); and IRI+EPO 5000 UI kg(-1) (high-dose EPO [EH]). IRI was induced by a 25-minute period of left renal ischemia followed by reperfusion for 24 hours. Serum Creatinine and glucose levels were measure at baseline (M1), immediately after the ischemic period (M2), and at 24 hours after reperfusion (M3). After sacrificing the animals, left kidney specimens were submitted for histological analysis including flow cytometry to estimate tubular necrosis and the percentages of apoptotic, dead or intact cells.Results. Scr in the ISO group was significantly higher at M3 than among the other groups. Percentages of early apoptotic cells in ISO group were significantly higher than the other groups. Percentages of late apoptotic cells in S and ISO groups were significantly greater than EL and EH groups. However, no significant intergroup differences were observed regarding the incidence of tubular necrosis.Conclusions. Our results suggested that, although not preventing the occurrence of tubular necrosis, EPO attenuated apoptosis and glomerular functional impairment among transiently hyperglycemic rats undergoing an ischemia/reperfusion insult.

Fatores de risco pré-operatórios para o desenvolvimento de Insuficiência Renal Aguda em cirurgia cardíaca

OBJETIVO:Avaliar os fatores de risco clínicos pré-cirurgicos para o desenvolvimento de Insuficiência Renal Aguda (IRA) em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODO: Foram estudados, de modo prospectivo, 150 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca, durante 21 meses consecutivos, havendo um leve predomínio de homens (57%), idade média de 56 ± 15 anos, sendo que 66% apresentavam insuficiência coronariana como principal diagnóstico e 34% valvulopatias. A mediana da creatinina sérica no período pré-operatório foi de 1,1 mg/dl. IRA foi definida como elevação de 30% da creatinina sérica basal. O protocolo de variáveis clínicas teve seu preenchimento iniciado 48 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico e encerrado 48 horas após o mesmo, incluindo variáveis cardiológicas e não-cardiológicas, além de resultados laboratoriais. RESULTADOS: A IRA esteve presente em 34% dos casos. Após análise multivariada, presença de doença vascular periférica foi fator pré-operatório identificado. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo permitiram sinalizar alguns fatores contributivos para o desenvolvimento de IRA em cirurgia cardíaca, o que pode possibilitar condutas clínicas simples para evitar a disfunção renal nestas situações e, conseqüentemente, redução da taxa de mortalidade. No presente trabalho, o tamanho da amostra talvez tenha impedido a identificação de outros fatores de risco significativos.

Effect of haematocrit on pump and kidney dysfunction after myocardial revascularization

Objective - Kidney dysfunction is a common complication after cardiac surgery. It occurs in 7 to 31% of the patients. The lowest haematocrit after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (LHCT) has been identified as a risk factor for kidney dysfunction after cardiac surgery. The aim of this study is to determine whether different levels of haematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery are related to kidney dysfunction.Methods and results-A prospective study was conducted on consecutive adult patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. Preoperative renal function was assessed by baseline serum creatinine level (CrPre). Peak postoperative creatinine (CrPost) was defined as the highest daily in-hospital postoperative value. Peak fractional change in creatinine (% Delta Cr) was defined as the difference between the CrPre and CrePost represented as a percentage of the preoperative value. The LHTC was defined as the lowest recorded haematocrit prior to weaning from the initial pump run. A category variable was created for haematocrit based on the distribution of values. The category variable had the following cut-off points: less than 23%, 23.1 to 28% and greater than 28.1 %. Lowest haematocrit (26.62 +/- 4.15%), CPB (74.71 +/- 24.90 min), CrPre (1.23 +/- 0.37 mg/dl) and highest CrPost (1.52 +/- 0.47 mg/dl) data varied in near-normal fashion. Statistical significance has been observed in the < 23% lowest haematocrit group (CrIPOD and Cr5POD; P = 0.006) and the 23.1 28% lowest haematocrit level group (CrPre and Cr2POD; P = 0.047). CrPre and Cr5POD did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). The multiple linear regression model confirmed that the determinants for higher %Delta Cr were age, body surface area and preoperative serum creatinine level.Conclusion - The LHTC was not identified as a risk factor for kidney dysfunction after myocardial revascularization.

Injúria renal aguda em unidade de terapia intensiva: estudo prospectivo sobre a incidência, fatores de risco e mortalidade

OBJETIVO: Comparar características clínicas e evolução de pacientes com e sem injúria renal aguda adquirida em unidade de terapia intensiva geral de um hospital universitário terciário e identificar fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de injúria renal aguda e à mortalidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo observacional com 564 pacientes acompanhados diariamente durante a internação em unidade de terapia intensiva geral do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu por 2 anos consecutivos (de maio de 2008 a maio de 2010), divididos em 2 grupos: com injúria renal aguda adquirida (G1) e sem injúria renal aguda adquirida (G2). RESULTADOS: A incidência de injúria renal aguda foi 25,5%. Os grupos diferiram quanto à etiologia da admissão em unidade de terapia intensiva (sepse: G1:41,6% x G2:24,1%, p<0,0001 e pós operatório neurológico 13,8% x 38,1%, p<0,0001), idade (56,8±15,9 x 49,8± 17,8 anos, p< 0,0001), APACHE II (21,9±6,9 x 14,1±4,6, p<0,0001), ventilação mecânica (89,2 x 69,1%, p<0,0001) e uso de drogas vasoativas (78,3 x 56,1%, p<0,0001). Com relação aos fatores de risco e às comorbidades, os grupos foram diferentes quanto à presença de diabetes mellitus, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, insuficiência renal crônica e uso de anti-inflamatórios não hormonais (28,2 x 19,7%, p=0,03; 23,6 x 11,6%, p=0,0002, 21,5 x 11,5%, p< 0,0001 e 23,5 x 7,1%, p<0,0001, respectivamente). O tempo de internação e a mortalidade foram superiores nos pacientes que adquiriram injúria renal aguda (6,6 ± 2,7 x 12,9± 5,6 dias p<0,0001 e 62,5 x 16,4%, p<0,0001). À análise multivariada foram identificados como fatores de risco para injúria renal aguda, idade>55 anos, APACHE II>16, creatinina (cr) basal>1,2 e uso de anti-inflamatórios não hormonais (OR=1,36 IC:1,22-1,85, OR=1,2 IC:1,11-1,33, OR=5,2 IC:2,3-11,6 e OR=2,15 IC:1,1-4,2, respectivamente) e a injúria renal aguda esteve independentemente associada ao maior tempo de internação e à mortalidade (OR=1,18 IC:1,05-1,26 e OR=1,24 IC:1,09-1,99 respectivamente). À análise da curva de sobrevida, após 30 dias de internação, a mortalidade foi de 83,3% no G1 e 45,2% no G2 (p<0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de injúria renal aguda é elevada em unidade de terapia intensiva, os fatores de riscos independentes para adquirir injúria renal aguda são idade >55 anos, APACHE II>16, Cr basal >1,2 e uso de anti-inflamatórios não hormonais e a injúria renal aguda é fator de risco independente para o maior tempo de permanência em unidade de terapia intensiva e mortalidade.

Fatores pré-operatórios associados à injúria renal aguda após cirurgia cardíaca: estudo prospectivo

OBJECTIVES. To evaluate the clinical characteristics and co-morbidities associated with development of Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery in patients of a predominantly tertiary care university hospital.METHODS. One hundred and fifty cardiac surgery patients were prospectively studied at the Botucatu School of Medicine, University Hospital- UNEP, using a protocol which started 48h before and finished 48h after surgery, AKI was defined as a 30% increase in baseline serum creatinine.RESULTS. Were expressed as mean +/- standard deviation or median, with a significance level of 5%. Results: There was a slight male predominance (57%); mean age of the studied population, was 56 +/- 14 years. Sixty-five per cent of patients underwent myocardial revascularization. AKI was diagnosed in 34% of cases, Multivariate analysis showed that age over 60 years and peripheral vascular disease were significant associated with AKI developmentCONCLUSION. AKI was a common complication in cardiac surgery patients at this hospital, AKI was associated with age over 60 years and presence of peripheral vascular disease.

Associations between nutritional markers and inflammation in hemodialysis patients

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)