24 resultados para Running water

em Repositório Institucional UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho"


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O uso de testes de vigor é fundamental na avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes produzidas e comercializadas. O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar o uso do teste de deterioração controlada na avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de beterraba. Após lavagem dos frutos contendo as sementes em água corrente, oito lotes da cultivar Top Tall Early Wonder foram previamente avaliados pelos testes de germinação e de emergência de plântulas (EP). Para o ajuste do teor de água (TA) foram estudados os métodos de atmosfera úmida (AU) e substrato úmido (SU). O teste de deterioração controlada (DC) foi conduzido com 22 e 24% de água e exposição durante 12, 24 e 36 horas à temperatura de 45 ºC. Usou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições de 25 sementes, exceto o de EP, conduzido com quatro repetições de 50 sementes. Os dados foram analisados separadamente para cada combinação TA x períodos de deterioração e as médias comparadas usando-se o teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Análises de correlação simples foram estabelecidas entre os resultados dos testes de laboratório e a EP. O ajuste do TA de semente deve ser feito pelo método do SU. O teste de DC pode ser utilizado para avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de beterraba, sendo indicada a combinação TA de 22%, a 45ºC, durante 24 horas.

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A presença de inibidores de germinação no fruto da beterraba pode comprometer o estande da cultura. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a interferência do período de imersão em água corrente no desempenho fisiológico das sementes de beterraba. Para tanto, sementes da cultivar Top Tall Early Wonder foram submetidas à ação de água corrente durante 0 (testemunha), 1; 1,5; 2; 3; 4; 5 e 6 horas, secadas e avaliadas pelo teste de germinação. A lavagem por duas horas foi suficiente para aumentar a germinação das sementes.

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Sementes de hortaliças quase sempre apresentam elevado valor comercial, motivo pelo qual devem ter o potencial fisiológico eficientemente avaliado. O teste de deterioração controlada é um dos recomendados para avaliação do vigor de sementes pequenas, como as de beterraba. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o melhor procedimento para a condução de referido teste em sementes de beterraba e sua relação com a emergência de plântulas em campo. Foram utilizados sete lotes de sementes da cultivar Top Tall Early Wonder, adquiridos no comércio. Após lavagem em água corrente, as sementes foram submetidas aos testes de germinação, velocidade de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plântulas em campo, velocidade de emergência e deterioração controlada (temperaturas de 41 e 45ºC, teores de água de 22, 24 e 26% e períodos de exposição de 12, 24 e 36 horas). As combinações 41ºC/24%/12 h, 41ºC/24%/36 h, 41ºC/26%/36 h e 45ºC/24%/24 h apresentaram potencial para uso na avaliação do vigor de sementes de beterraba. No entanto, sob as combinações de 41°C/24%/12 h ou 45°C/24%/24 h reduziu-se o tempo de condução do teste.

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O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a eficiência dos testes de vigor para identificação do potencial fisiológico em sementes de Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes – UNESP/Jaboticabal/SP, utilizando-se quatro lotes de sementes: sendo lotes I e II, coletados no município de Jaboticabal em 2000 e 2001, respectivamente lote III em Santa Rita do Passo Quatro e lote IV, em Luiz Antonio, ambos em 2001. Para superação da dormência, realizou-se a escarificação das sementes com ácido sulfúrico durante 50 minutos e lavagem em água corrente durante 20 minutos. Foram avaliados: teor de água, percentual de germinação, primeira contagem, índice de velocidade de germinação e condutividade elétrica, realizada com diferentes quantidades de sementes (50, 75, 100), postas para embeber em copos de plástico contendo 50 e 75mL de água deionizada, durante 72 horas à 250 C. As sementes do lote III apresentaram potencial fisiológico superior às sementes dos demais lotes estudados. Para o teste de condutividade elétrica são necessários outros estudos, visando à possibilidade de uso como teste padrão de vigor para a espécie, enquanto que os testes de primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de germinação mostraram-se adequados para avaliação do vigor dos lotes.

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O leiteiro (Peschiera fuchsiaefolia) é uma infestante de pastagens de importância para as regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, cuja dispersão ocorre por sementes. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de leiteiro, em função do estádio de maturação e armazenamento dos frutos, foram colhidos frutos em cinco regiões diferentes, constituindo cinco acessos: lote 1-Vitoriana/SP, lote 2-Botucatu/SP, lote 3Bauru/SP, lote 4-São Manuel/SP e lote 5-São Pedro/SP. Cada lote de sementes foi avaliado individualmente, seguindo-se o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x4, sendo dois períodos de armazenamento dos frutos (0 e 7 dias após colheita) e quatro estádios de maturação (verde-oliva, verde-limão, alaranjado-fechado e alaranjado-aberto). A polpa dos frutos foi retirada e as sementes extraídas mediante fricção em peneira sob água corrente. As sementes foram colocadas para germinar a 30 ºC com 8 h de luz, sendo as contagens realizadas semanalmente até os 42 dias do início do teste. Os resultados dos testes da primeira contagem de germinação, IVG e condutividade elétrica mostraram que o vigor das sementes foi superior em frutos colhidos nos estádios finais de maturação e que, de modo geral, o armazenamento dos frutos prejudicou a qualidade das sementes.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The Tiete River crosses the metropolitan region of São Paulo (Brazil) and receives a large amount of pollution, in contrast to Paranapanema River which runs in a less populated area. In the inferior portions of the basins of these rivers, a series of reservoirs has been built for hydroelectric energy generation which improve the water quality due to the decantation of suspended soils and aeration in the water spills.Twenty-nine sampling sites were established along the two rivers and in each sampling site, two groups of eight gillnets were used with standardized sizes in two seasons: winter (dry season: June-September 1994) and summer (rainy season: December-March 1995). The fishes were measured and weighed.Twenty-five parameters related. to the water were recorded. PCA and cluster analysis helped to identify two groups of sampling sites. The first one corresponds to the rainy season samples, while the second corresponds to the dry season samples, so evidencing strong seasonal environmental variation. However, the dry season group is still divided into polluted and non-polluted sites, showing that during drought there are larger effects of pollutant concentration due to the decreased flow.A total of 415 kg of fish were caught, corresponding to 8324 individuals belonging to 64 different species, in 22 families and four orders of Teleostei. The largest catches occurred in the middle Tiete River. The catches in the reservoirs of the Tiete River, during the rainy season are superior to those of the dry season. on the other hand, sampling sites located in running water presented an inverse pattern with the largest catches in the dry-season. In river Paranapanema, catches are lower than in the Tiete River, except in Rosana Reservoir during the rainy season. Fish diversity was shown to be a good-indicator of environmental stress. In Tiete River an expressive fall in species richness was detected in the polluted stretches, with dominance of one or two species. In the intermediary stretches, the presence of rapids increases the amount of dissolved oxygen, allowing the development of the most abundant and diverse fish community of the river. Fish communities in the reservoirs of the inferior stretch of Tiete River are more diverse. on the other hand, the damming of the superior reaches of Paranapanema River provoked a decrease in diversity. 0 the whole, types of local fish communities detected, showing different compositions and specific abundances, revealed different ecological situations. A discriminant analysis revealed that the parameters of the water influencing the fish community were: dissolved oxygen, conductivity, nitrogen (nitrate, ammoniacal and albuminoid), phosphate, alkalinity, hardness and iron. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

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No presente trabalho, testou-se o efeito de fatores químicos liberados por coespecíficos sobre o crescimento e sua variabilidade no grupo (crescimento heterogêneo, CHet), numa espécie gregária, o curimbatá, Prochilodus lineatus. O CHet foi avaliado pelo coeficiente de variação do peso dos animais, em dois períodos consecutivos de 21 dias. Os peixes foram agrupados em aquários (4 peixes cada) que receberam água corrente, com vazão constante, de tanques contendo (C) ou não (N) coespecíficos. Quatro condições foram delineadas de acordo com a água que abastecia os aquários: a) água com contato prévio com coespecíficos durante todo o experimento (CC); b) água sem contato prévio com coespecíficos durante todo o experimento (NN); c) água com contato prévio com coespecíficos apenas no primeiro período, 0 a 21 dias (CN); e d) apenas no período de 21 a 42 dias (NC). Ao término dos experimentos, verificou-se que ocorre modulação química sobre a variabilidade de crescimento em P. lineatus: os peixes que receberam água com contato prévio com coespecífico (C) apresentaram exacerbação do CHet. Fato que corrobora a idéia de que o mecanismo predominante da determinação da variação intra-específica do crescimento, em espécies gregárias, está associado à ação de fatores químicos liberados por coespecíficos.

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Well-fitted dentures prevent hyperplasic lesions, provide chewing efficiency and promote patient's comfort. Several factors may affect final adaptation of dentures, as the type of the acrylic resin, the flask cooling procedure and the water uptake. This investigation evaluated the effect of water storage and two different cooling procedures [bench cooling (BC) for 2 h; running water (RW) at 20 degreesC for 45 min] on the final adaptation of denture bases. A heat-cured acrylic resin (CL, Classico, Classico Artigos Odontologicos) and two microwave-cured acrylic resins [Acron MC, (AC) GC Dent. Ind. Corp.; Onda Cryl (OC), Classico Artigos Odontologicos] were used to make the bases. Adaptation was assessed by measuring the weight of an intervening layer of silicone impression material between the base and the master die. Data was submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (0.05). The following means were found: (BC) CL=0.72 +/- 0.03 a; AC=0.70 +/- 0.03 b; OC=0.76 +/- 0.04 c//(RW) CL= 1.00 +/- 0.11 a; AC=1.00 +/- 0.12 a; OC=0.95 +/- 0.10 a. Different labels join groups that are not statistically different (P > 0.05). Comparisons are made among groups submitted to the same cooling procedure (BC or RW). The conclusions are: interaction of type of material and cooling procedure had a statistically significant effect on the final adaptation of the denture bases (P < 0.05); water storage was not detected as a source of variance (P > 0.05) on the final adaptation.

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The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the spread of Salmonella Enteritidis to different cutting boards (wood, triclosan-treated plastic, glass, and stainless steel) from contaminated poultry skin (5 log CFU/g) and then to tomatoes and to analyze the effect of different protocols used to clean these surfaces to control contamination. The following procedures were simulated: (1) no cleaning after handling contaminated poultry skin; (2) rinsing in running water; (3) cleaning with dish soap and mechanical scrubbing; and (4) cleaning with dish soap and mechanical scrubbing, followed by disinfection with hypochlorite. The pathogen was recovered from all surfaces following procedure 1, with counts ranging from 1.90 to 2.80 log, as well as from the tomatoes handled on it. Reduced numbers of S. Enteritidis were recovered using the other procedures, both from the surfaces and from the tomatoes. Counts were undetectable after procedure 4. From all surfaces evaluated, wood was the most difficult to clean, and stainless steel was the easiest. The use of hypochlorite as a disinfecting agent helped to reduce cross-contamination. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The erosion caused by running water constitutes important cause of environmental degradation and productivity reduction, which justifies its evaluation in areas of eucalypt commercial plantations, mainly in ondulated slope conditions. The present study was intended to evaluate the influence of different management systems, in an undulated eucalypt pos-planting area, upon soil and water losses by erosion. The experiment was installed in a very clayey Red Latosol (Oxisol) under three eucalypt management systems (downhill planting with burning of crop residues - EDq; downhill planting with maintenance of crop residues on soil surface - ED; level planting with maintenance of crop residues on soil surface - EN), native forest (FN), bare soil (SD), and native pasture (PN). The soil and water losses evaluations were performed in standard plots installed in the field. All eucalypt systems presented very low values of soil losses in relation to the established tolerance limit, indicating the adequacy of these management systems concerning water erosion. The sustainability of these environments regarding erosion is indicated by the fact that soil losses in eucalipt were very close to those observed in native forest (reference).

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Running water is one of the most important of all the physical processes which fashion the landscape, allowing gravity to operate along the valley floors. Besides this, the streams show a fast adjustment to the crustal deformations, even to the most gentle ones. This geologic behavior turns them a potential tool for neotectonic studies, specially the analysis of morphotnetric parameters associated with hydraulic gradient and discharge, this second factor being directly proportional to the extension of the streams. Both elements, gradient and stream length, can be combined in the SL index. The purpose of this paper is to show the RDE index application in the neotectonics analysis of the Rio do Peixe hydrographic basin and to compare the obtained values with the geologic basement incised by the streams. This basement encompasses Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of post-Serra Oeral Formation magmatism (Caiuá and Bauru groups) and Quaternary deposits that include chiefly recent alluvial plains and some Pleistocene terrace deposits. In the final part of this paper, an attempt is made in order to correlate the RDE results and the neotectonic framework admitted to this portion of the São Paulo State territory, as well as with field geologic, seismologic and paleoseismologic known elements. The results indicate the presence of two groups of anomalies: The first set corresponds to the Marília-Exaporã Plateau border, and the second one, located in the central portion of the hydrographic basin, is correlated to the Presidente Prudente seimogenic zone.

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The objective of this study was to identify treatments capable of promoting and standardizing the germination of Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan seeds. The seeds of this weed were submitted to the following treatments: mechanical abrasion with 220-grit sandpaper (20, 30 and 40 frictions); immersion in sulfuric acid (90% for 30 and 40 seconds), followed by washing in running water; immersion in sodium hypochlorite (2.5% for 8 and 12 hours) and lye (5 minutes), followed by five washings in distilled water; immersion in KNO 3 (1% for 24 hours); preheating at 40°C in a humid or dry substrate for 2, 3 and 4 weeks. The statistical design was totally randomized, with four repetitions. The number of germinated seeds was counted every other day. The most favorable treatments were preheating at 40°C in humid substrate for 3 weeks, followed by mechanical abrasion after 40 frictions and immersion in sulfuric acid for 40 seconds.

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Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis which is spread through contamined running water. This contaminations is seriously affected by the flooding which occurs in the area surrounding the Aricanduva river. The transmission of the disease results mainly from the contact of water with soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. We aimed to conduct an epidemiological survey on Leptospirosis cases in Sao Paulo East Zone area. Method. The analysis conducted in this study was based on data collected from the health authorities of that region close the Aricanduva river between 2007 and 2008 years, which give the rates of confirmed cases, mortality and death from human Leptospirosis. Other information concerned with the relationships among rainfall index, points of flooding and incidence of Leptospirosis. Results: We observed a direct and important water contamination. Records of flooding points and dates of the reported cases in the region showed a direct relationship from which the period of higher rainfall also recorded an increase in cases. The annual record of the city and the region and rainfall regions also presented correlation. Conclusion: The association between the indices of flooding and Leptospirosis cases indicates that preventive measures are necessary to avoid exposing the community. © 2013 Miyazato et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)