Modeling the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of deforestation-driven carbon emissions: the INPE-EM framework applied to the Brazilian Amazon

We present a generic spatially explicit modeling framework to estimate carbon emissions from deforestation (INPE-EM). The framework incorporates the temporal dynamics related to the deforestation process and accounts for the biophysical and socioeconomic heterogeneity of the region under study. We build an emission model for the Brazilian Amazon combining annual maps of new clearings, four maps of biomass, and a set of alternative parameters based on the recent literature. The most important results are as follows: (a) Using different biomass maps leads to large differences in estimates of emission; for the entire region of the Brazilian Amazon in the last decade, emission estimates of primary forest deforestation range from 0.21 to 0.26 similar to Pg similar to C similar to yr-1. (b) Secondary vegetation growth presents a small impact on emission balance because of the short duration of secondary vegetation. In average, the balance is only 5% smaller than the primary forest deforestation emissions. (c) Deforestation rates decreased significantly in the Brazilian Amazon in recent years, from 27 similar to Mkm2 in 2004 to 7 similar to Mkm2 in 2010. INPE-EM process-based estimates reflect this decrease even though the agricultural frontier is moving to areas of higher biomass. The decrease is slower than a non-process instantaneous model would estimate as it considers residual emissions (slash, wood products, and secondary vegetation). The average balance, considering all biomass, decreases from 0.28 in 2004 to 0.15 similar to Pg similar to C similar to yr-1 in 2009; the non-process model estimates a decrease from 0.33 to 0.10 similar to Pg similar to C similar to yr-1. We conclude that the INPE-EM is a powerful tool for representing deforestation-driven carbon emissions. Biomass estimates are still the largest source of uncertainty in the effective use of this type of model for informing mechanisms such as REDD+. The results also indicate that efforts to reduce emissions should focus not only on controlling primary forest deforestation but also on creating incentives for the restoration of secondary forests.

Pagamento por servi��os ecossist��micos: possibilidades para a Amaz��nia brasileira

Os servi��os ecossist��micos prestados pelas florestas s��o respons��veis por diversos benef��cios ao bem estar humano e �� manuten����o da vida, incluindo a manuten����o da biodiversidade, ciclagem da ��gua, estoques e sumidouros de carbono, os quais ficam seriamente prejudicados pelas a����es antropog��nicas. Este estudo inicia com uma breve apresenta����o do problema do desmatamento na Amaz��nia brasileira, suas causas e consequ��ncias para estes servi��os. Posteriormente apresenta um mecanismo que visa �� remunera����o destes servi��os como forma de manter a floresta em p�� e garantir seus benef��cios. Este mecanismo, batizado de REDD ��� Redu����o de Emiss��es por Desmatamento e Degrada����o, provem do conceito de Pagamento por Servi��os Ecossist��micos, o qual possui uma certa variedade de propostas e muitas controv��rsias sobre sua aplica����o e poss��veis efeitos

A ruralidade em pequenos munic��pios do interior paulista: Cristais Paulista SP como estudo de caso

This study has as central theme the small district and the relationships established in the rural environment. The objective of the study is to analyze the reality from Cristais Paulista, located in the northeast of the State of S��o Paulo. Understanding as its relationship works, it was made a small rescue of classic studies on the relationship countryside-city, including the recent brazilian debate about the theme. In the present study we can observe the rural habits and also different urban customs in the small municipal district studied and also some particularities resulted of the social relationships among the residents of the countryside and of the city, always marked by the personality character. In the study of the small municipal district it was adopted as methodology the analysis Maria de Nazareth Baudel Wanderley (2001a), when she proposes five dimensions to analyze the municipal districts from Pernambuco. The application of the methodology in Cristais Paulista, allowed to understand the space building, the functions, the dynamics and the socio economical meanings of those small areas.

A lei e a for��a no regime militar brasileiro: da proscri����o da frente ampla �� edi����o do Ato Institucional n. 5

This article analyses the Brazilian political process in the period between the beginning of the government of general Arthur da Costa e Silva in March 15, 1967 and the edition of the Institutional Act No. 5 (December 13, 1968). Through the analysis of the key moments in this context, seeks to qualify the actions of the main political players in terms of their goals and strategies and assess the impact that they had on the production of authoritarian legislation.

Organiza����es sindicais, Estado e sociedade civil no Brasil

During a long historical process of over a century, the trade union movement gathered a significant amount of achievements. The limits and the extent of these achievements cannot be dissociated form the complex relations between State and civil society in Brazil.

A contribui����o de Roberto Simonsen para a institucionaliza����o da sociologia aplicada no Brasil

The aim of this study is to investigate the importance of Roberto Simonsen and research on the living conditions of workers in S��o Paulo by the Free School of Sociology and Social Policy in the 1930s to the consolidation of sociology applied to Brazil. We propose to investigate the influence of Roberto Simonsen on using the model of Sociology in the cited research, the intellectual influences which justify the choice of both researchers, the methodology and the practical consequences of these attitudes for sociology and for Brazil.

A regi��o de Araraquara e a constitui����o do local: experi��ncia em desenvolvimento rural a partir do SAI - Sistema Agroindustrial Integrado

The research aims to map and understand the SAI- Integrated Agroindustrial System of SEBRAE, topic program directed to small and medium "rural entrepreneurs". The SAI policy seeks targeted result saiming to qualify productive agents (smallholders) to a "mark et under construction". In the study I high light the "production location", as a constituent en vironment with own productive and defining characteristics of this location and of the productive agent. I aim to perceive the location (region of Araraquara) as a topic en vironment of a type of "alternative "agriculture, that in principle is ���parallel��� to the large hegemonic model of the economies of scale, of monoculture and concentrative, which in the region is taken as that of the "sugarcane industry". I understand the coexistence of these different models as central to understand the development of capitalism, which I treat as "cognitive capitalism".

As concep����es urban��sticas que impulsionaram o desenvolvimento do capitalismo e a reprodu����o da for��a de trabalho em S��o Paulo: sanear e excluir

This article aims to rank the main concepts in vogue in the city of S��o Paulo who contributed to the formulation of a shared urban oriented capitalist development and reproduction of the workforce. This way, it will discuss the main issues raised in the period, which is between the first decades of the XX Century to the end of the 1950s, trying to foresee how they worked as engineers and architects to incorporate the urbanistic proposals from Europe and the United States. And then, we will present, on the first four sections of this article, points of view that effectively impacted the paulista urban thought of the first half of the XX century: Sanitarism, pendular conception between the Mesologic Theory and the Microbian Theory; the Historicist formulation of Camillo Sitte; Howard��s garden-town and The French Experience. Our analyses were formulated having as a reference the broad systematization of bibliography and documents performed at the Arquivo Hist��rico Municipal (Intermedi��rio) de Araraquara (Historical Municipal Archive from Araraquara), consultations at the the books of the library of the biblioteca da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da USP (USP Architecture and Urbanism College) and at the Faculdade de Ci��ncias e Letras da UNESP, Araraquara-SP( College of Sciences and Languages from UNESP, campus Araraquara). The analisys of the performed research show that one urbanistic torrent at S��o Paulo State with clear influences from the conceptions that led the urbanistic debates in the first half of the XX Century. Although these conceptions compose a painting of urban transformations at S��o Paulo city and noticeably in some inland cities, previously to the solidification of a whole proposition for the city that was later called of Directive Plan.