Diferenças na cinemática entre dois tipos de aterrissagens em atletas de voleibol masculinos

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in sports. Studies investigating injury mechanisms have demonstrated that most injuries arise from landing tasks. Despite the demonstration of differences between male and female kinematics, there are no studies showing how males behave during different landing tasks. The objective of this study was to compare the angular and temporal kinematics of the lower limbs between two different landing tasks. Double leg and single leg landings were recorded in the frontal and sagittal plane in 15 male volleyball athletes by videogrammetry. Reduced hip and knee flexion and increased knee valgus were observed in the single leg landing task compared to the double leg landing task. No significant difference in landing time was observed between the two tasks. In conclusion, the results support the premise that lower limb kinematics change according to the task performed. Further studies are necessary to explore the impact of these kinematic differences on knee loading and to relate them to ACL injury mechanisms in men.

Female pintado catfish choose well-fed males

This study tested the preference of pintado catfish females (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans) for associating with well-fed or food-deprived males in simultaneous choice tests. Females were tested under three different treatments in which: (1) females could choose on the basis of multiple cues from the well-fed or food-deprived males (visual plus chemical); (2) only chemical cues were presented; (3) only visual cues were presented. Females chose well-fed males when chemical cues were presented (either visual + chemical or only chemical cues). When only visual cues were presented, females spent an equal amount of time in the choice apparatus compartments. Chemical signals, either directly through control of pheromone production, or indirectly by excreted metabolites, are likely to be an important source of information about nutritional condition in mating choice.

Electrophoretical polypeptide pattern of hypopharyngeal glands extracts from workers and males of Scaptotrigona postica Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae)

In S. postica the hypopharyngeal glands are present in workers, males and queens. The glands of newly emerged workers are in a prefunctional phase, in nurse workers they reach their highest development and in forager workers they suffer reabsorption. The newly emerged males and queens, however, have well developed glands that soon start involution. The electrophoretical pattern of worker and male hypopharyngeal glands is compared with the pattern of nurse workers of A. mellifera. The results show simularities, as well as differences among the S. postica males and workers, and among the phases of worker life. The electrophoretic band pattern suggests that the hypopharyngeal glands of nurse workers of S. postica produce substances similar to the ones produced by A. mellifera. The similarity of the extracts of nurse glands of A. mellifera and S. postica, as well as the behavioural similarities of the workers, suggest the same function of this gland in both species.

Ultrastructure of the ducts of the reproductive tract of males of Melipona bicolor bicolor Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Apinae, Meliponini)

The present paper describes the ultrastructural features of seminal vesicle, post-vesicular vas deferens and ejaculatory duct of Melipona bicolor bicolor from newly emerged and mature males. Although the results do not show very consistent morphological signs of secretory activity by the epithelium of these organs, lipidic droplets and lamellar granules present in mature males' seminal vesicles and the vacuoles present in post-vesicular vas deferens are probably secretion. Besides, the spermatozoa in the lumen are immersed in a material of characteristic structure, which must be produced in superior regions of the reproductive system of immature males, not studied here. The presence of sperm cells, apparently in cytoplasm vesicles of seminal vesicle and post-vesicular vas deferens, suggests spermiophagy by their epithelium.

Comparative study of the ultrastructure and secretory dynamic of hypopharyngeal glands in queens, workers and males of Sceptotrigona postica latreille (Hymenoptera, Apinae, Meliponini)

The secretory cycle of hypopharyngeal glands (HPGs) in Scaptotrigona postica resembles that of Apis mellifera: in newly emerged workers the HPGs are in prefunctional state, their maximum development happens in the nurse workers and in forager workers they show signs of reabsorption. In S. postica these glands are also present in queens and males where they are more developed in newly emerged individuals. The ultrastructural features of the HPG secretory cycle in workers of S. postica and A. mellifera are alike: granular endoplasmic reticulum well developed, large secretion masses around the intracellular canaliculus in nurse workers and extensive degenerative structures in forager workers. Then it is suggested that the HPG secrete similar substances in both species. A second secretory cycle seems to occur in early foragers, may be with production of enzymes. The role of the HPGs in queens and males remains unknown but one possibility is enzyme production.

Markers of cell death in salivary glands of males of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae)

The salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus males at stages: unfed (control), at day seven post-attachment, and at days three and seven post-detachment from the host were examined using methods of enzymatic analysis and cell viability. At these stages of feeding, different staining patterns were observed in the cells of type IV, III, II and I acini, which were affected by degeneration in this sequence. Acid phosphatase reaction was inversely proportional to that of ATPase, while ATPase reaction was proportional to membrane integrity.Salivary gland cells of unfed males exhibited intact nucleus and plasma membrane, suggesting that the acid phosphatase detected may participate in the normal physiology of acini. In males at day seven post-attachment, intact membranes were observed in almost all types of acini, as well as stronger reaction for acid phosphatase, nuclear changes, and decrease in ATPase reaction, changes associated with the degenerative process. At days three and seven post-detachment degeneration progress, being observed loss of membrane integrity, nuclear changes, prominent decrease in ATPase reaction, and an increase in acid phosphatase reaction in the first case and a decreased of it at day seven post-detachment from the host. During cell death, alterations occurred in the following sequence: a) nuclear changes, b) loss of ATPase reaction, c) loss of integrity of the plasma membrane, and d) increase of acid phosphatase. The latter might be associated with the late degradation of cytoplasmic remnants, characterizing the process of cell death in glands of R. sanguineus males as atypical or non-classic apoptosis. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Degeneration of salivary glands of males of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae)

The present study examined the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus males at days 0, 3, and 7 post-detachment from the host. Degeneration of this organ occurred in the three stages and it advanced as time away from the host progressed. Thus, characteristics of degeneration were more prominent in males at day 7 post-detachment than in males at day 0 post-detachment. In males at day 0 post-detachment, type I acini were intact; while in other stages these acini exhibited signs of degeneration. In type 11 acini of individuals at day 0 post-detachment, cells a, c1-c5, c8, and indeterminate were identified. Only c I and c8 were intact. The remaining cell types were undergoing degeneration, as well as all cells d-f in type III acini, and all g in type IV acini.In males at day 3 post-detachment from the host, all cells (a, c1-c5, c8 and indeterminate) of type 11 acini, cells d and e in type III acini, and g in type IV were undergoing degeneration. In some Indeterminate acini, the boundaries of cells still could be distinguished, while in others, only a cytoplasmic mass was observed. At day 3 post-detachment, apoptotic bodies were present.In males at day 7 post-detachment from the host, the degeneration process progressed. All cells a, cl, c3-c5, c8 and indeterminate in type II, and d and e in type III acini were undergoing degeneration. Type IV acini still contained remnants of secretion and in Indeterminate acini, only a cytoplasmic mass could be observed. At this stage, apoptotic bodies were also present.The present study still revealed that cells of salivary glands of R. sanguineus males when degenerating undergo the following changes: (a) decrease in secretion production with or without granule breakage, (b) changes in nuclear morphology, (c) cytoplasm shrinkage, (d) loss of cell shape, (e) loss of cell boundaries, and (e) cytoplasmic vacuolation. Together, these changes result in cell fragmentation with release of apoptotic bodies. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Morpho-histochemical characterization of salivary gland cells of males of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) at different feeding stages: description of new cell types

This study describes the changes undergone by cells of the salivary glands of unfed and feeding (at day two and four post-attachment) Rhipicephalus sanguineus males, as well as new cell types. In unfed males, types I and II acini are observed with cells undifferentiated, undefined 1 and 2 (the latter, with atypical granules), a, c1 and c3; type III is composed of cells d and e; and type IV present cells g. In males at day two post-attachment, type I acini exhibit the same morphology of unfed individuals. An increase in size is observed in types II, III, and IV, as cells are filled with secretion granules. Some granules are still undergoing maturation. In type II acinus, cells a, b and c1-c8 are observed. Cells c7 and c8 are described for the first time. Cells c7 are termed as such due to the addition of polysaccharides in the composition of the secretion granules (in unfed individuals, they are termed undefined 1). Type III acini exhibit cells d and e completely filled with granules, and in type IV, cells g contain granules in several stages of maturation. In males at day four post-attachment, type I acini do not exhibit changes. Granular acini exhibit cells with fewer secretion granules, which are already mature. In type II acini, cells a, b, c1-c5 are present, type III exhibit cells d and e, and type IV contain cells g with little or no secretion. This study shows that in the salivary glands of R. sanguineus males, cells a, c1, and c3 of type II acinus, and cells d and e of type III do not exhibit changes in granular content, remaining continuously active during the entire feeding period. This indicates that during the intervals among feeding stages, gland cells reacquire the same characteristics found in unfed individuals, suggesting that they undergo reprogramming to be active in the next cycle.

Ultramorphology of mandibles from Dolichoderus (=Monacis) bispinosus males.

Mandibles of ants are usual for many activities like cut and transport of food, transport of larvae and eggs, colony defense and to dig the rolls in the soil or/and wood for next building, among other activities. In male the principal function of the mandible is to act itself to female body during the mating by other hand the female use its mandibles to cut out the end of the male body after mating. The mandible movement are be possible because the different muscle presents in its articulation - the abductor and to adductor ones. The S.E.M. makes possible to study it in details to and showed the presence of skeletal muscle. This suggests its function to be instrument to use during the mating.

Differential flight muscle development in workers, queens and males of the eusocial bees, Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona postica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Same-sized fish groups increase aggressive interaction of sex-reversed males Nile tilapia GIFT strain

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

SEX-CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISM AND HETEROGAMETIC MALES REVEALED BY 2 CLONED DNA PROBES IN THE ZW ZZ FISH LEPORINUS-ELONGATUS

In order to study the divergence of teleost sex chromosomes, subtractive cloning was carried out between genomic DNA of males and females of the rainbow trout (XX/XY) and of Leporinus elongatus (ZW/ZZ). Inserts cloned in a plasmid vector were individually tested on Southern blots of DNA of males and females for sex specificity. No sex-specific insert was obtained from trout, but two out of ten inserts cloned from L. elongatus showed sex-specific patterns in this species: one corresponds to a sequence present on both Z and W chromosomes, while the other is W specific. Sequences of these two inserts show neither clear homology with other known sequences, nor an open reading frame. They cross-hybridize with the genomic DNA of Leporinus friderici, but without sex-specific patterns. Twenty-four L. elongatus adults were sexed by gonadal observation, chromosomed examination and Southern hybridization with one or the other insert. Ten males and 11 females had chromosomes and hybridization patterns typical of their sex. One ZW female was recognized as a male with the W-specific probe. This was also the case for two unusual ZW males, one having a male hybridization pattern with the other probe. These three atypical individuals may result from single genetic exchanges between four regions of the Z and the W, giving rise to three atypical W chromosomes. Finding males with such atypical heterochromosomes in a female heterogametic species may indicate that a gradual transition occurs between the heterogametic systems.

LIMITED MULTIPLE-MATING IN MALES AND SINGLE-MATING IN FEMALES OF THE ANT SPECIES, PARATRECHINA-FLAVIPES (FR SMITH) (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE)

This study determined how many times alates of Paratrechina flavipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) can copulate in the field and laboratory. In the field, females preferred to mate once and the mating number of males is unknown. In the laboratory, females mated singly but males could inseminate two or three females. The duration of succeeding copulations was greater than the first copulation. Multiple mating males died sooner than single mating ones. The results suggest that male death is promoted by sperm consumption.