Migration of Tinuvin P, a UV stabilizer, from PET bottles into fatty-food simulants

Tinuvin P migration from Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) bottles was investigated using several fatty-food simulants such as olive oil, soybean oil, n-heptane and iso-octane, at exposure conditions of 2-10 days at 40 degrees C (total immersion). The stability of several UV stabilizers (BHT, Cyasorb UV 5411, Tinuvin P, Tinuvin 326 and Tinuvin 327) in n-heptane and iso-octane was also studied. After 10 days at 40 degrees C, losses of 6% and 20% in iso-octane and n-heptane respectively, were verified for Tinuvin P. Other UV stabilizers at the same experimental conditions showed higher losses (up to 30% for Tinuvin 327). These results confirm that, when carrying out specific migration studies, the stability of the substance of interest should be established in the food simulant to avoid underestimating the real migration behaviour. In order to quantify UV stabilizer migration, n-heptane and iso-octane solutions were concentrated and directly analysed by SIM mode GC-MS. For olive and soybean oils, Tinuvin P was isolated using size-exclusion chromatography and quantified by SIM mode GC-MS. Iso-octane proved to be a move suitable fatty-food simulant than n-heptane for the migration study of Tinuvin P from PET. Higher levels of Tinuvin P migrated to olive and soybean oils rather than to n-heptane. These results suggest that the MERCOSUL recommended official methods for specific migration studies should be revised since the migration levels using n-heptane as a fatty-food simulant could be underestimated when compared to edible oils. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Characterization of Post-Consumer PET after Removal of the Original Surface: Influence of Raw Material

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Openability of soft drinks PET packagings

Studies on packaging accessibility are still incipient in Brazil. Many of these packagings can represent a challenge to users, whether due to non-informative labels, tricky tabs or seals, or even those that need strength to open. This paper brings a simple test to determine the necessary torque force to open PET bottles, and to predict the amount of users that could not open it. The findings suggest that a considerable amount of users could not open it or would have some difficulties to exert the necessary force.

Identification of oligomers in polyethyleneterephthalate bottles for mineral water and fruit juice - Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of first series cyclic trimer

Cyclic oligomers were identified in PET bottles used for mineral water and fruit juice using MS and H-1 and C-13 NMR: a first series cyclic trimer, a first series cyclic tetramer, a first series cyclic dimmer and a second series cyclic trimer. An analytical method to determine first series cyclic trimer in these bottles was developed and validated, using HPLC. The first series cyclic trimer levels were 316-462 mg/100 g of PET bottle. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

PET containers in Brazil: Opportunities and challenges of a logistics model for post-consumer waste recycling

The use of post-consumer materials is directly related to reducing the cost of production and extraction of natural resources. Non-recyclable materials are randomly disposed in the environment. Brazil is one of the largest consumers of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles. The purpose of this paper is to describe the opportunities and challenges of the logistics model for post-consumer PET bottle recycling in Brazil, while providing knowledge of its practices along the recycling chain. The results describe the need to educate those directly and indirectly involved in the process: to reduce consumption in order to reduce the amount of waste generated: to structure the post-consumer reverse chain and engage industrial sectors and government, through public policies, to support cleaner technologies along the PET bottle production chain. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Logística reversa no Brasil: proposta de um sistema de retorno de embalagens PET

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A influência da idade na percepção de dificuldade de abertura de embalagens PET para refrigerantes

Nowadays, there is an increasing demand for subjective aspects of the interface between human beings and the products and systems that surround them, whether in the workplace or at home. This study addresses the association of age and the perception of difficulty during a simulation of opening process PET bottles for soft drinks. During the activities, the subjects exerted their maximum torque forces, trying to open five different models of these packages, and then they assigned scores for perception in a scale. The results indicate that for some models, there were differences between levels of perceived difficulty between age groups.

Macronutrient accumulation and partioning in fertigated sweet pepper plants

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determinação da variação da viscosidade intrínseca do poli (tereftalato de etileno) de embalagens

O mercado de embalagens de poli(tereftalato de etileno) -PET- para acondicionamento de refrigerantes, água mineral, sucos concentrados e óleos comestíveis apresenta polímeros de diferentes tipos, que foram desenvolvidos para personalizar o atendimento a clientes desejosos de propriedades melhores e mais específicas, principalmente em termos de massa molar. No caso do PET, assim como na indústria da reciclagem do polímero, o ensaio de viscosidade intrínseca é muito usado para determinar a massa molar. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de viscosidade intrínseca de PET advindo de embalagens de várias marcas de refrigerantes, sucos e óleos de soja. Amostras de cada embalagem foram dissolvidas em solução de fenol-tetracloroetano (60:40 em peso) e o fluxo das mesmas em um viscosímetro Cannon-Fenske a 30 °C para medir a viscosidade relativa, que foi convertido para viscosidade intrínseca. Os resultados mostraram uma variação no valor da propriedade conforme se variava o volume, tipo e a marca do produto envasado. Para as 21 amostras analisadas, os resultados variaram de 0,70 a 0,79 dL/g. Portanto, uma melhor seleção das embalagens pode ajudar os recicladores na obtenção de produtos melhores, com menor variação na massa molar. Os valores de densidade obtidos apresentaram uma pequena variação, que torna-se maior quando transformados em cristalinidade.

Solid-state hydrolysis of postconsumer polyethylene terephthalate after plasma treatment

Plasma treatments were applied on the surface of postconsumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to increase their wettability and hasten the subsequent hydrolysis process. Sixty-four treatments were tested by varying plasma composition (oxygen and air), power (25-130 W), pressure (50-200 mTorr), and time (1 and 5 min). The best treatment was the one applied in air plasma at 130 W and 50 mTorr for 5 min, as it provided the lowest contact angle, 9.4°. Samples of PET before and after the optimized plasma condition were subjected to hydrolysis at 205°C. Although the treatment changed only a thin surface layer, its influence was evident up to relatively high conversion rates, as the treated samples presented more than 40% higher conversion rates than the untreated ones after 2 h of reaction. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the terephthalic acid obtained from 99% of depolymerization was similar to the commercial product used in PET synthesis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Investigação do potencial dos ensaios APULOT e pull-out para estimativa da resistência a compressão do concreto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Diversidade de vespas sociais (Hymenoptera, vespidae) na Mata Atlântica do litoral norte do estado de São Paulo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo termoanalítico de blendas de poli(tereftalato de etileno) e poli(3-hidroxibutirato)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeitos da história térmica nas propriedades do polímero pet: um experimento para ensino de análise térmica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Calorimetric and SEM studies of PHB-PET polymeric blends

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)