O discurso de alunos do ensino médio a respeito da camada de ozônio

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os gêneros de discursos utilizados por alunos da terceira série do Ensino Médio a respeito de um dos conteúdos vinculados ao ensino de química ambiental: o estudo do gás ozônio e os problemas relacionados à degradação de sua camada na atmosfera terrestre. Os resultados apontam para um nível de envolvimento discursivo em que se percebe a apropriação da linguagem científica como ferramenta de argumentação acerca das questões ambientais.

Relação entre estresse de radiação ultravioleta-b e óxido nítrico em plantas de eucalipto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Condutividade elétrica e polarização térmica de vidros soda-cal-sílica contendo diferentes cátions tetravalentes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Meio ambiente e saúde humana: variabilidade temporal da radiação ultravioleta e epidemiológica do câncer de pele na região oeste do Estado de São Paulo

Pós-graduação em Geografia - FCT

Sensibilidade de Lecanicillium lecanii, agente de biocontrole de Hemileia vastatrix, à radiação ultravioleta-B

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle para avaliação de fontes de energias renováveis no bombeamento de água

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle para avaliação de fontes de energias renováveis no bombeamento de água

The use of alternative energy systems in the current days is an urgent necessity due to the problems that the planet is facing as the heating and loss of ozone layer. The scarcity of conventional energy is another problem that must be solved for the future of humanity. It must be considered that the people are inhabiting places moved away not always with available energy. The application of technologies as automation and control can help us to solve this problem. Therefore, this work aimed at apply an equipment of industrial usage, the Programmable Logical Controller, PLC, in alternative energies systems, as eolic generation and fotovoltaic generation used for water pumping, aiming the automatic control and the efficiency in the places where it has simultaneous availability of these sources, based in criterion of priority that previously established itself between them. It was made a hydraulic and energetic evaluation of the energy system, eolic and fotovoltaic, used in the automatic control system of pumping, in the place of accomplishment of the experiment, according to previously established physical conditions. The results have shown that the control system using the PLC is practicable and has trustworthiness. The program developed can be adapted for the use with several power plants in a specific application place. The fotovoltaic system of pumping, using a polycrystalline of 70 Watts connected to a pump Shurflo 8000, showed to be efficient with significant flows in almost all the months. The eolic system of pumping, using an eolic generator of 400 Watts assembled in place of experiment, did not demonstrate energetic capacity for use in this specific type of application.

Development of a sensitive passive sampler using indigotrisulfonate for the determination of tropospheric ozone

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Short-period variation of cosmic-ray intensity and ozone density observed in the stratosphere

The energy deposition by slowing-down of energetic ionizing particles in the atmosphere enhances the production of constituent concentration which perturbs and eventually destroys the ozone (OZ) layer. Near the Brazilian anomaly region the cosmic-ray (CR) intensity varies greatly due to the magnetic activity in that region. In order to study these variations, stratospheric balloons were launched to measure, simultaneously, the CR and OZ fluxes in the atmosphere. The Fourier-analysed data collected during the flight on April 22, 1989 show evidences of a short-period variation for both fluxes measured. Attempts to verify the physical mechanisms which associate the CR change with the OZ one are not conclusive due to limited data observed on that event. © 1993 Società Italiana di Fisica.

Modelling study of the impact of deep convection on the utls air composition - Part I: Analysis of ozone precursors

The aim of this work is to study the local impact on the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere air composition of an extreme deep convective system. For this purpose, we performed a simulation of a convective cluster composed of many individual deep convective cells that occurred near Bauru (Brazil). The simulation is performed using the 3-D mesoscale model RAMS coupled on-line with a chemistry model. The comparisons with meteorological measurements show that the model produces meteorological fields generally consistent with the observations. The present paper (part I) is devoted to the analysis of the ozone precursors (CO, NO x and non-methane volatile organic compounds) and HO x in the UTLS. The simulation results show that the distribution of CO with altitude is closely related to the upward convective motions and consecutive outflow at the top of the convective cells leading to a bulge of CO between 7 km altitude and the tropopause (around 17km altitude). The model results for CO are consistent with satellite-borne measurements at 700 hPa. The simulation also indicates enhanced amounts of NO x up to 2 ppbv in the 7-17 km altitude layer mainly produced by the lightning associated with the intense convective activity. For insoluble non-methane volatile organic compounds, the convective activity tends to significantly increase their amount in the 7-17km layer by dynamical effects. During daytime in the presence of lightning NO x, this bulge is largely reduced in the upper part of the layer for reactive species (e.g. isoprene, ethene) because of their reactions with OH that is increased on average during daytime. Lightning NO x also impacts on the oxydizing capacity of the upper troposphere by reducing on average HO x, HO 2, H 2O 2 and organic hydroperoxides. During the simulation time, the impact of convection on the air composition of the lower stratosphere is negligible for all ozone precursors although several of the simulated convective cells nearly reach the tropopause. There is no significant transport from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere, the isentropic barrier not being crossed by convection. The impact of the increase of ozone precursors and HO x in the upper troposphere on the ozone budget in the LS is discussed in part II of this series of papers.

Correlations between thermal environment and egg quality of two layer commercial strains

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Genetic parameters for body weight, carcass chemical composition and yield in a broiler-layer cross developed for QTL mapping

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Padrão de distribuição de K+, Ca++, Mg++ e P no solo de um pomar de citros em função da fertirrigação

Em solos tropicais, a distribuição dos nutrientes no solo em função da fertirrigação realizada por meio de irrigação localizada (gotejamento e/ou microaspersão), na cultura de citros, é pouco conhecida. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os padrões de distribuição de potássio, cálcio, magnésio e fósforo em solo tropical, em função da fertirrigação, aplicada por dois sistemas de irrigação localizada (microaspersão e gotejamento), sendo que o sistema por gotejamento era composto por uma e duas linhas laterais por linha de plantas, e o de microaspersão por apenas uma linha, e com três dotações hídricas (100%, 75% e 50%) da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), em um pomar de laranjeira. As fontes de fertilizantes utilizadas na fertirrigação foram o nitrato de amônio (fonte de N), o cloreto de potássio (fonte de K+) e o ácido fosfórico (fonte de P). Observouse que, sob o emissor, nos tratamentos com gotejamento, houve depleção nos teores de Ca++ e Mg++ desde a superfície do solo até 60 cm de profundidade em relação aos teores anteriores às fertirrigações, enquanto os teores de P aumentaram, principalmente na camada de 0 cm a 20 cm. Na microaspersão, esses efeitos não foram observados, ocorrendo distribuição mais homogênea desses nutrientes tanto na direção transversal à linha de plantas quanto em profundidade. As lâminas de irrigação aplicadas por irrigação localizada não interferem na distribuição de K+ aplicado por fertirrigação e do Ca++ e Mg++ no solo em profundidade, porém menores lâminas de irrigação promovem maior concentração de P na camada mais superficial do solo, e lâminas maiores carregam o P para camadas mais profundas.

Efficacy of several Salmonella vaccination programs against experimental challenge with Salmonella gallinarum in commercial brown layer and broiler breeder hens

The protective effect of various Salmonella vaccines regimens against an experimental Salmonella Gallinarum challenge (SGNalr strain at 12 wk of age) was evaluated in two experiments. In Experiment 1 commercial brown layers were vaccinated according to one of the following programs: (i) two doses of a SE bacterin (Layermune SE; group 1); (ii) a first dose of a live SG9R vaccine (Cevac SG9R) followed by a SE bacterin (Layermune SE; group 2); (iii) one dose of each of two different multivalent inactivated vaccines containing SE cells (Corymune 4 & Corymune 7; group 3) or (iv) not vaccinated (group 4). In Experiment 2, broiler breeders were given the same vaccination treatments except for the group vaccinated with the multivalent vaccines. Overall, in both experiments, all vaccination schemes were effective in reducing mortality after challenge with a SG field strain. Primary vaccination with an initial dose of a live SG9R vaccine followed some weeks later by a dose of an inactivated SE bacterin was the most effective (p<0.05) vaccination program against mortality induced by field SG experimental challenge in both experiments. In conclusion, Salmonella vaccination programs containing SE bacterins alone or in combination with a live SG9R vaccine are effective in preventing mortality induced by infection of field SG. Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that any vaccination program against any Salmonella serotype will only be effective if it is part of a sound and comprehensive biosecurity program designed for Salmonella control in poultry farms.

Efficacy of several vaccination programmes in commercial layer and broiler breeder hens against experimental challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis

Two experiments were performed to evaluate the protective effect of various vaccination combinations given at 5 and 9 weeks of age against experimental challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ( SE) phage type 4 at 12 weeks of age. In Experiment 1, groups of commercial layers were vaccinated by one of the following programmes: Group 1, two doses of a SE bacterin (Layermune SE); Group 2, one dose of a live Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum vaccine (Cevac SG9R) followed by one dose of the SE bacterin; Group 3, one dose of each of two different multivalent inactivated vaccines containing SE cells (Corymune 4K and Corymune 7K; and Group 4, unvaccinated, challenged controls. In Experiment 2, groups of broiler breeders were vaccinated by the same programmes as Groups 1 and 2 above while Group 3 was an unvaccinated, challenged control group. All vaccination programmes and the challenge induced significant (P<0.05) seroconversion as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall, in both experiments, all vaccination schemes were significantly effective in reducing organ (spleen, liver and caeca) colonization by the challenge strain as well as reducing faecal excretion for at least 3 weeks. Vaccinated layers in Groups 1 and 2 and broiler breeders in Group 2 showed the greatest reduction in organ colonization and the least faecal excretion. In Experiment 1, layers vaccinated with multivalent inactivated vaccines containing a SE component (Group 3) were only moderately protected, indicating that such a vaccination programme may be useful in farms with good husbandry and housing conditions and low environmental infectious pressure by Salmonella.