Thermal relationships and exercise physiology in anuran amphibians: Integration and evolutionary implications

Thermal and water balance are coupled in anurans, and species with particularly permeable skin avoid overheating more effectively than minimizing variance of body temperature. In turn, temperature affects muscle performance in several ways, so documenting the mean and variance of body temperature of active frogs can help explain variation in behavioral performance. The two types of activities studied in most detail, jumping and calling, differ markedly in duration and intensity, and there are distinct differences in the metabolic profile and fiber type of the supporting muscles. Characteristics of jumping and calling also vary significantly among species, and these differences have a number of implications that we discuss in some detail throughout this paper. One question that emerges from this topic is whether anuran species exhibit activity temperatures that match the temperature range over which they perform best. Although this seems the case, thermal preferences are variable and may not necessarily reflect typical activity temperatures. The performance versus temperature curves and the thermal limits for anuran activity reflect the thermal ecology of species more than their systematic position. Anuran thermal physiology, therefore, seems to be phenotypically plastic and susceptible to adaptive evolution. Although generalizations regarding the mechanistic basis of such adjustments are not yet possible, recent attempts have been made to reveal the mechanistic basis of acclimation and acclimatization. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Economic design of (X)over-bar and R charts under Weibull shock models

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo do valor nutritivo do farelo de guandu [Cajanus cajan (L.) Miilps] var. fava larga na alimentação de frangos de corte. 1. Avaliação do tratamento térmico

The experiment was conducted to evaluate pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) protein in broiler chicks (up to 28 days of age) feeding, as compared to soybean (Glycine mar) protein, In the experiment the effects of temperature and autoclaving on antinutritional factors on pigeon pea meal were studied. Temperatures of 100, 110 e 120 degrees C and times of autoclaving of 10, 20 and 30 minutes were applied using a two-way factorial design, replicated in four times. Underheating and overheating during the process of inactivation of proteases inhibiting were evaluated by ureatic activity and protein solubility analysis, after the grains were dried and ground. After 28 days, the best time of autoclaving was 20 minutes (p<,05) irrespectively of temperature, which lead to a lower feed consuption. There were no histopathological alterations in kidney, liver, pancreas, heart and intestines of the broilers.

Joint conomic design of (x)over-bar and R charts under Weibull shock models

This paper deals with the joint economic design of (x) over bar and R charts when the occurrence times of assignable causes follow Weibull distributions with increasing failure rates. The variable quality characteristic is assumed to be normally distributed and the process is subject to two independent assignable causes (such as tool wear-out, overheating, or vibration). One cause changes the process mean and the other changes the process variance. However, the occurrence of one kind of assignable cause does not preclude the occurrence of the other. A cost model is developed and a non-uniform sampling interval scheme is adopted. A two-step search procedure is employed to determine the optimum design parameters. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the model is conducted, and the cost savings associated with the use of non-uniform sampling intervals instead of constant sampling intervals are evaluated.

Rugosidade superficial de ligas com alto conteúdo de cobre, em função do aquecimento acima da temperatura de fusão.

Being the surface roughness a fundamental property in the fit of the castings, it was determined the roughness of 5 high-copper casting alloys, according to the heating over their melting temperature. That way, the specimens made with smooth plastic in the shape of a rectangular plate, 2 mm x 7 mm x 11 mm were invested into a cristobalite investment. After heating and elimination on the plastic, the molds were filled by 3 g of molten alloy, casted in a electrical casting machine at the casting temperature at 25 degrees C and 50 degrees C overheating. The surface roughness was measured in a roughness analyser, Talysurf. As a result, it was verified that there is a variation of surface roughness among the alloys tested, and the heating of the alloys until 50 degrees C over the melting temperature does not interfere in the roughness.

Joint conomic design of x̄ and R charts under Weibull shock models

This paper deals with the joint economic design of x̄ and R charts when the occurrence times of assignable causes follow Weibull distributions with increasing failure rates. The variable quality characteristic is assumed to be normally distributed and the process is subject to two independent assignable causes (such as tool wear-out, overheating, or vibration). One cause changes the process mean and the other changes the process variance. However, the occurrence of one kind of assignable cause does not preclude the occurrence of the other. A cost model is developed and a non-uniform sampling interval scheme is adopted. A two-step search procedure is employed to determine the optimum design parameters. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the model is conducted, and the cost savings associated with the use of non-uniform sampling intervals instead of constant sampling intervals are evaluated.

Performance of laying hens and economic viability of different climatization systems

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso da técnica de análise de óleo lubrificante em motores diesel estacionários, utilizando-se misturas de biodiesel e diferentes níveis de contaminação do lubrificante

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Evaluation of Bone Heating, Drill Deformation, and Drill Roughness After Implant Osteotomy: Guided Surgery and Classic Drilling Procedure

Purpose: This study evaluated and compared bone heating, drill deformation, and drill roughness after several implant osteotomies in the guided surgery technique and the classic drilling procedure. Materials and Methods: The tibias of 20 rabbits were used. The animals were divided into a guided surgery group (GG) and a control group (CG); subgroups were then designated (G0, G1, G2, G3, and G4, corresponding to drills used 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 times, respectively). Each animal received 10 sequential osteotomies (5 in each tibia) with each technique. Thermal changes were quantified, drill roughness was measured, and the drills were subjected to scanning electron microscopy. Results: Bone temperature generated by drilling was significantly higher in the GG than in the CG. Drill deformation in the GG and CG increased with drill use, and in the CG a significant difference between GO and groups G3 and G4 was observed. In the GG, a significant difference between GO and all other groups was found. For GG versus CG, a significant difference was found in the 40th osteotomy. Drill roughness in both groups was progressive in accordance with increased use, but there was no statistically significant difference between subgroups or between GG and CG overall. Conclusion: During preparation of implant osteotomies, the guided surgery technique generated a higher bone temperature and deformed drills more than the classic drilling procedure. The increase in tissue temperature was directly proportional to the number of times drills were used, but neither technique generated critical necrosis-inducing temperatures. Drill deformation was directly proportional to the number of times the drills were used. The roughness of the drills was directly proportional to the number of reuses in both groups but tended to be higher in the GG group.

Quantificação de CO2 e vapor de água nas interfaces bairro-cultura de eucalipto da reserva Floresta Estadual Navarro de Andrade no município de Rio Claro - SP

Environrnental issues are in focus lately, mainly due to climate change that have been registered in recent decades. Some of these changes are attributed to the increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases induce, main1y due to anthropogenic emissions. These gases act by absorbing heat in the form of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the planet, and after a time interval, reissuing such radiation in various directions, including back to the surface, causing overheating of the same. Projections indicate that climate change wiIl tend to increase even more. Because of this, in recent years a number of studies are being conducted on the dynamics of inducers of greenhouse gases, especially C02, because that is primarily responsible for the development of that phenomenon. To better understand the flow of C02 are studied specific areas, as regions bordering the forests, soils that are under preparation for agriculture, urban areas, among others. Forests are an important sink for C02, because during the process of photosynthesis, this molecule is captured and used to obtain glucose. Thus, studies of the regions bordering the forests contribute enough to the understanding of the dynamics of C02. Because it requires a large amount of factors, the concentration of CO2 in a given location is very variable and this makes it much more difficult to understand their dynamics and, consequently, the action of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Being a relatively new area of study, there are many controversies about the consequences of the greenhouse effect, so that the community does not believe that climate change resulting from human action. According to them, such changes are merely natural phenomena and periodicals

Produção de celulases fúngicas por fermentação em estado sólido: ampliação de escala de biorreatores de leito fixo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aspectos de engenharia da produção do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae em biorreator de bandeja

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE