Genetic diversity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 from potato and tobacco in North Carolina

Anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) of Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph = Thanatephorus cucumeris) is frequently associated with diseases of potato (AG-3 PT) and tobacco (AG-3 TB). Although isolates of R. solani AG-3 from these two Solanaceous hosts are somatically related based on anastomosis reaction and taxonomically related based on fatty acid, isozyme and DNA characters, considerable differences are evident in their biology, ecology, and epidemiology. However, genetic diversity among field populations of R. solani AG-3 PT and TB has not been documented. In this study, the genetic diversity of field populations of R. solani AG-3 PT and AG-3 TB in North Carolina was examined using somatic compatibility and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) criteria. A sample of 32 isolates from potato and 36 isolates from tobacco were paired in all possible combinations on PDA plus activated charcoal and examined for their resulting somatic interactions. Twenty-eight and eight distinct somatic compatibility groups (SCG) were identified in the AG-3 PT and AG-3 TB samples, respectively. AFLP analyses indicated that each of the 32 AG-3 PT isolates had a distinct AFLP phenotype, whereas 28 AFLP phenotypes were found among the 36 isolates of AG-3 TB. None of the AG-3 PT isolates were somatically compatible or shared a common AFLP phenotype with any AG-3 TB isolate. Clones (i.e., cases where two or more isolates were somatically compatible and shared the same AFLP phenotype) were identified only in the AG-3 TB population. Four clones from tobacco represented 22% of the total population. All eight SCG from tobacco were associated with more than one AFLP phenotype. Compatible somatic interactions between AG-3 PT isolates occurred only between certain isolates from the same field (two isolates in each of four different fields), and when this occurred AFLP phenotypes were similar but not identical.

Genetic structure of populations of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 on potato in eastern North Carolina

A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was developed to identify and differentiate genotypes of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 subgroup PT (AG-3 PT), a fungal pathogen of potato. Polymorphic co-dominant single-locus PCR-RFLP markers were identified after sequencing of clones from a genomic library and digestion with restriction enzymes. Multilocus genotypes were determined by a combination of PCR product and digestion with a specific restriction enzyme for each of seven loci. A sample of 104 isolates from one commercial field in each of five counties in eastern North Carolina was analyzed, and evidence for high levels of gene flow between populations was revealed. When data were clone-corrected and samples pooled into one single North Carolina population, random associations of alleles were found for all loci or pairs of loci, indicating random mating. However, when all genotypes were analyzed, the observed genotypic diversity deviated from panmixia and alleles within and between loci were not randomly associated. These findings support a model of population structure for R. solani AG-3 PT on potato that includes both recombination and clonality.

Detecting migrants in populations of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 from potato in North Carolina using multilocus genotype probabilities

The relative contribution of migration of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) on infested potato seed tubers originating from production areas in Canada, Maine, and Wisconsin (source population) to the genetic diversity and structure of populations of R. solani AG-3 in North Carolina (NC) soil (recipient population) was examined. The frequency of alleles detected by multilocus polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms, heterozygosity at individual loci, and gametic phase disequilibrium between all pairs of loci were determined for subpopulations of R. solani AG-3 from eight sources of potato seed tubers and from five soils in NC. Analysis of molecular variation revealed little variation between seed source and NC recipient soil populations or between subpopulations within each region. Analysis of population data with a Bayesian-based statistical method previously developed for detecting migration in human populations suggested that six multilocus genotypes from the NC soil population had a statistically significant probability of being migrants from the northern source population. The one-way (unidirectional) migration of genotypes of R. solani AG-3 into NC on infested potato seed tubers from Canada, Maine, and Wisconsin provides a plausible explanation for the lack of genetic subdivision (differentiation) between populations of the pathogen in NC soils or between the northern source and the NC recipient soil populations.

As práticas e os saberes médicos no Brasil colonial (1677-1808)

Pós-graduação em História - FCHS

Literatura e debate pós-colonial em A história do bando de Kelly, de Peter Carey

Pós-graduação em Letras - IBILCE

As Virgens Marias da Nova Espanha e do Arcebispado de Lima durante os séculos XVI e XVII: entre a idolatria e a santidade

Pós-graduação em História - FCHS

Análise da paisagem cultural do Sítio Arqueológico Turvo V-B

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estudos sobre o Brasil Colonial: arquivos e fontes

The information technology and the increasing interest in the American Latin studies, especially about Brazil, are the objective of these reflections. In the research about the colonial period in Brazil, a group of works, systematized and divulged by electronic means, beyond the usual sources – Portuguese, Italian and Brazilian Universities and Institutes – are from Europe and North America, and its access is facilitated by the worldwide network. Platforms and collections such as Europeana and others less known constitute important sources to the studies of this field. We will comment here some fundamentals to contribute to the subject sources of colonial Brazil.

História da educa��ão escolar no Brasil: notas para uma reflexão

O autor faz um estudo sobre os aspectos mais importantes da história da educa��ão escolar no Brasil, desde o período colonial até o final do regime militar, buscando estabelecer uma ligação entre cada período histórico e a legislação educacional em vigor.

História da saúde mental infantil: a criança brasileira da Colônia à República Velha

Este texto descreve a trajetória da Saúde Mental e dos cuidados à infância no Brasil da Colônia à República Velha. No período colonial não havia cuidados especiais à criança. O que temos para compreender a criança colonial são relatos descritos em documentos, tratados e cartas da época, e em descrições de viajantes que aqui aportaram para conhecer o Novo Mundo. Depois do século XVIII a urbanização das cidades requer a intervenção médica nas questões de higiene e saúde, e gradativamente muda a concepção de criança, primeiro na Europa, depois no Brasil, chegando o século XIX com médicos preocupados com a questão da mortalidade infantil e com os cuidados que se deveria ter com a criança, negligenciada até então. É no século XIX que se inicia a institucionalização dos saberes médicos e psicológicos aplicados à infância e é quando podemos obter mais registros sobre que cuidados eram reservados à criança.

Fragmentos da história da malária em São Paulo

Due to its great incidence in Brazil, malaria is one of the most important transmissible disease studied in the papers that deal with public health today. Although it is present in the Brazilian history since the colonial period, it has hardly been studied from its historic perspective. The present article intends to give a general view of the disease in Brazil, specially in the state of São Paulo. The research is based on historic papers of health and epidemies not only in Brazil but also in the world, found in the legislative documentation of São Paulo. Until 1930, malaria had spread through the country and the health authorities took no care in stablishing especific campaigns to face the disease. This negligence was mostly due to the fact that the mortality rate of malaria was lesser than variola, yellow fever or the many other endemic or epidemic diseases. Eradication seemed to be close to an end but the social and economic transformations after the 70's brought the disease in a proportion ten times worse.

Malungos do sertão: cotidiano, práticas mágicas e feitiçaria no Mato Grosso setecentista

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estimativa da umidade de um solo de várzea sob duas condições de drenagem e subirrigação

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Irrigação e Drenagem) - FCA

Aspecto da literatura brasileira: o ritmo estético

Tem-se como objetivo mostrar um dos aspectos da concepção de literatura brasileira desenvolvida por Antonio Candido em um conjunto de textos publicados entre 1953/5 e 1997. Dentre os três aspectos possíveis – os outros dois são o ritmo histórico e social e o sistema literário – o escolhido foi o ritmo estético, regido pela dialética do local e do cosmopolita, que, para o autor, funcionaria como “lei de evolução da nossa vida espiritual”– “se fosse possível estabelecer uma” (CANDIDO, 1965, p.131) –, presente, de modo decisivo, nas formas de expressão de nossa literatura, em cujo processo histórico se manifesta de modo diverso nas várias etapas do longo percurso que vai da dependência do período colonial até a integração na interdependência cultural de nosso tempo. O autor constrói sua concepção de literatura brasileira em tensão com a noção nacionalista de literatura do Brasil, que, de origem romântica, prossegue no Naturalismo e Modernismo, atingindo tempos ulteriores. Complementam a exposição algumas considerações sobre o processo de difusão e recepção das obras que propagam suas idéias, expressões de sua visão de mundo, “fiel à tradição do humanismo ocidental”(CANDIDO, 2008, p.11).

A cachaça nos dois lados do Atlântico: produção comércio e proibição

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)