Friction losses in valves and fittings for liquid food products

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Friction losses in valves and fittings for power-law fluids

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Friction losses in valves and fittings for viscoplastic fluids

Data on pressure drop were obtained in stainless steel, sanitary fittings and valves during laminar and turbulent flow of aqueous suspensions of sucrose and bentonite. The rheological properties of these suspensions were determined and the Bingham model provided the best fitting with the experimental data. Friction losses were measured in fully- and partially-open butterfly and plug valves, bends and union. Values of loss coefficients (k(f)) were calculated and correlated as functions of the classical Reynolds number and the Reynolds number proposed by Govier and Aziz (1972) for viscoplastic fluids. The two-k method and a new proposed model presented the best adjustments for the Govier and Aziz Reynolds number, and Hedstrom and classical Reynolds numbers, respectively.

Coeficientes de perda de carga em valvulas e acessorios no escoamento laminar de fluidos nao-Newtonianos

Friction loss coefficients for laminar flow of xantan gum solutions (concentrations in the range of 0.1-0.5% by weight) through valves and fittings were experimentally determined. The rheological behavior, studied by means of a concentric cylinder rheometer, was pseudoplastic, being well described by the Ostwald-De Waele model with non-linear correlation coefficients (r) between 0.998 and 0.999. In the pressure drop measurements the following fittings were employed: completely open and half way open ball valve, completely open and half way open angle valve, tee used like coupling, tee used like a 90° elbow, short radius 90° elbow and coupling. The results showed that the friction loss coefficients increased with decreasing generalized Reynolds number. The friction loss coefficients could be well adjusted by a potential model, suggested by Kittredge & Rowley (1957) for Newtonian fluids, K f = A(Re g) -B, with correlation coefficients between 0.837 and 0.999.

Comparação entre métodos de dimensionamento de dutos de sistemas de RVAC

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Diffusion coefficients during osmotic dehydration of tomatoes in ternary solutions

The apparent diffusion coefficients for sucrose, NaCl and water during osmotic dehydration of tomatoes in ternary solutions were determined. Long time experiments (up to 60 h) were carried out in order to determine equilibrium concentrations inside tomatoes, whereas short time experiments (up to 4 h) were performed to provide detailed information on kinetics of water loss and solids gain at the beginning of osmotic treatment. The mass transfer rates for water and solutes showed to be dependent of NaCl and sucrose concentrations in osmotic solution and simple regression models as functions of solutes concentration were determined for diffusion coefficients. Salt and sucrose diffusivities showed to be interdependent, with increasing NaCl concentration causing the enhancement of water loss, at the same time that higher sucrose contents hindered the excessive salt penetration. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

EVALUATION OF DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS IN OSMOTIC CONCENTRATION OF BANANAS (MUSA-CAVENDISH LAMBERT)

The effect of time of exposure, solution concentration and temperature on the osmotic concentration of banana (slices of 11 mm thickness) was studied in aqueous sucrose solutions. The selectivity of the cellular tissues was reduced by steam blanching the banana slices before osmotic treatment. Effective diffusion coefficients for the loss of water and the increase in sucrose content were determined according to Fick's Law applied to a two-dimensional body; calculated on the basis of the concentration of various components in the liquid phase impenetrating the fruit. These coefficients revealed values similar to binary diffusion coefficients for pure sucrose solutions.

Sound absorption coefficient in situ: An alternative for estimating soil loss factors

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)