Considerações sobre o indivíduo representativo

Neste artigo são elaboradas considerações a propósito da importância teórica e metodológica de contextualizar o indivíduo, sob uma abordagem sócio-histórica. Registra-se uma dupla concepção desse objeto de estudo: os homens reais, indivíduos concretos, vivendo no mundo da alienação que os deforma, mutila e limita sua evolução; e o homem representativo, total ou verdadeiro, que corresponde à imagem de suas possibilidades históricas. Tenta-se aqui, apenas iniciar a discussão sobre tal objeto, sem nenhuma intenção de esgotá-lo, ou mesmo de dar conta da infinidade de facetas que o compõem.

A democratização do regime representativo: a sociologia política brasileira e a teoria contemporânea da democracia

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

El gobierno de las megalópolis, el caso de Brasil, São Paulo: gestión metropolitana, descentralización y participación como desafíos simultáneos

The government of a megalopolis, such as São Paulo, shows singular challenges that do not exist in less complex urban contexts. Being a city of a country with a recent industrialized economy, with an income (functional and geographical) highly concentrated, that has resumed the democracy for only one quarter of a century, this megacity lives with its own political and organizational assignments, due to the contradictory character of the political behavior of its habitants/ voters and of the traditionalist nature of populism and patronage in the relationship between the rulers and the ruled and between the Executive and Legislative powers at the local level. In such context, the difficulties to prosecute the assignments of the metropolitan organization, the decentralization and the institutionalization of citizen participatory channels in the governance and administrative activities are huge. The centrifuge forces (of the decentralization of the local government, through subprefectures), the centripetal forces ( of the metropolitan organization process) and the diffuse forces (of the claiming popular participation) act simultaneously over the deciding processes, in São Paulo, receiving, still, state and national political influences, since the city is a very significant historically producer of political and electoral capital. The analysis of the recent experience of the creation of the subprefectures and the representative counsels (fixed in the Municipality Organic Law of 1990) and the attempt to implement the participatory budgeting, in two occasions (1989-1992 and 2001-2004), reveal some of the social and political reasons that make difficult the establishment of a solidly democratic governance and of a more efficient public administration in the metropolitan area of São Paulo.