CYTOGENETIC REPORT OF A MALE BREAST-CANCER

The cytogenetic findings on G-banding in an infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma in a 69-year-old man are reported. The main abnormalities observed were trisomy of chromosomes 8 and 9 and structural rearrangement in the long arm of chromosome 17 (add(17)(q25)). Our results confirm the trisomy of chromosome 8 in the characterization of the subtype of ductal breast carcinomas and demonstrate that chromosome 17, which is frequently involved in female breast cancers, is also responsible for the development or progression of primary breast cancers in males.

Contribuição dos exames ultrassonográficos convencional, Doppler e classificação Bi-Radis® na avaliação dos tumores mamários em cadelas

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Bone mineral density in healthy female adolescents according to age, bone age and pubertal breast stage

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Relationship between bone ageand pubertal breast stage to bone biomarkers and bone mineral density in healthy brazilian female adolescents

Background and Aims Bone metabolism involves understanding many factors, especially during puberty, when bone turnover is significant and the bone mass peak must be achieved as a protective factor of future bone health. The objective was to evaluate the behavior of formation and resorption bone biomarkers (BB) in function of biological maturation in female adolescents.Methods Evaluation of formation and resorption BB, osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and carboxyterminal telopeptide (S-CTx) by correlating them with bone mineralization, bone age and pubertal development in healthy female adolescents. Seventy-two volunteers were subdivided into groups according to chronological age/bone age (BA): 10 11 years (n=12), 12 13 years (n=16), 14 15 years (n=15) and 16 19 years (n=29). The following were evaluated: weight (kg), height (m), BMI (kg/m2), calcium intake (3-day 24h food recalls (mg/day), puberty events (Tanner stages), serum OC (ng/mL), BAP (U/L), S-CTx (ng/mL) and bone mineral density (BMD) as calculated by DXA (g/cm2) in the spine (L1-L4), proximal femur and whole body. The project was approved by the UNESP Ethics Committee.Results BB showed similar behaviors, with higher mean values for 10 12 years and when adolescents were in the B2-B3 Pubertal Maturation Stage (B2: BAP=110.16 U/L, OC=33.81ng/mL, S-CTx=1.66 ng/mL and B3: BAP=136.50 U/L, OC=39.15ng/mL and S-CTx=1.88 ng/mL; p<0.001). Mean BB values decreased with advancing BA and pubertal maturity.Conclusions BB values showed parallelism with peak height velocity and significant negative correlation with BMD in the different evaluated sites, with chronological and BA ; higher BMD values correlated with lower bone biomarker values.

Polymorphisms of Lewis and Secretor genes are related to breast cancer and metastasis in axillary lymph nodes

ABH and Lewis antigen expression has been associated with cancer development and prognosis, tumor differentiation, and metastasis. Considering that invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) presents multiple molecular alterations, the aim of the present study was to determine whether the polymorphism of ABO, Lewis, and Secretor genes, as well as ABO phenotyping, could be associated with tumor differentiation and lymph nodes metastasis. Seventy-six women with IDC and 78 healthy female blood donors were submitted to ABO phenotyping/genotyping and Lewis and Secretor genotyping. Phenotyping was performed by hemagglutination and genotyping by the polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. ABO, Lewis, and Secretor genes were classified by individual single nucleotide polymorphism at sites 59, 1067, 202, and 314 of the Lewis gene, 428 of the Secretor gene, and 261 (O1 allele), 526 (O2 and B allele), and 703 (B allele). No association was found between breast cancer and ABO antigen expression (P = 0.9323) or genotype (P = 0.9356). Lewis-negative genotype was associated with IDC (P = 0.0126) but not with anatomoclinical parameters. Nonsecretor genotype was associated with axillary lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0149). In conclusion, Lewis and Secretor genotyping could be useful to predict respectively breast cancer susceptibility and axillary lymph nodes metastasis.

Accuracy of Tc-99m-sestamibi scintimammography for breast cancer diagnosis

Scintimammography using Tc-99m-sestamibi is a noninvasive and painless diagnostic imaging method that is used to detect breast cancer when mammography is inconclusive Because of the advantages of labeling v '7,ith Tc-99m-sestamibi and its high efficiency in detecting carcinomas, it is the most widespread agent for this purpose Its accumulation in the tumor has multifactorial causes and does not depend on the presence of architectural distortion or local or diffuse density variation in the breast The objective of tfiis study was to evaluate the accuracy of scintimammography 1 for detecting breast cancer One hundred and fifty-seven patients presenting 158 palpable and non-palpable breast nodules were evaluated Three patients were male and 154 were female, aged between 14 and 81 years All patients underwent scintimammography, and the nodule was subjected i to cytological or histological study, i e, the gold standard for diagnosing cancer One hundred and eleven malignant and 47 benign nodules were detected, with predominance of ductal carcinomas (n=94) and fibroadenoma/fibrocysiic condition (n=11/n=11), respectively The mean size was 3 11 cm (7-10 cm) among the malignant nodules and 2 07 cm among the benign nodules (0 5-10 cm) The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 89, 89, 95, 78 and 89%, respectively Analysis on the histological types showed that the technique was more effective on tumors that were more aggressive, such as ductal carcinoma In this study, Tc-99m-sestamibi scintim immography was shown to be an important tool for diagnosing breast cancer when mammography was inconclusive

Malignant mammary tumor in female dogs: environmental contaminants

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of benign and invasive male breast neoplasms

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis was performed for the identification of chromosomal imbalances in two benign gynecomastias and one malignant breast carcinoma derived from patients with male breast disease and compared with cytogenetic analysis in two of the three cases. CGH analysis demonstrated overrepresentation of 8q in all three cases. One case of gynecomastia presented gain of 1p34.3similar topter. 11p14similar toq12. and 17p11.2similar toqter, and loss of 1q41similar toqter and 4q33similar toqter. The other gynecomastia presented del(1)(q41) as detected by both cytogenetic and CGH analysis. CGH analysis of the invasive ductal carcinoma confirmed a gain of 17p11.2similar toqter previously detected by cytogenetic analysis. These regions showed some similarity in their pattern of imbalance to the chromosomal alterations described in female and male breast cancer. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Immunolocalization of estrogen and progesterone receptors in neuroendocrine tumors of lung, skin, gastrointestinal and female genital tracts

Expression of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors has traditionally been associated with hormone-responsive organs, such as breast, ovary, and endometrium, and carcinomas arising therefrom. More recently, examples of ''unexpected'' ER or PR expression have been reported, particularly in tumors of endocrine tissues, such as thyroid and pancreatic islet cells. We tested the hypothesis that neuroendocrine tumors of various primary and metastatic sites might also express ER or PR or both by performing a retrospective immunohistochemical study in a series of 59 formalin- or mechacarn-fixed neuroendocrine carcinomas of various sites, including lung, skin, gastrointestinal and female genital tracts, and including carcinoid and atypical carcinoid tumors, small cell carcinomas, and Merkel cell carcinomas. We employed the anti-ER monoclonal antibody 1D5 and the anti-PR monoclonal antibody PgR1A6 using standard immunohistochemical techniques after microwave-based heat-induced epitope retrieval. Two of 28 carcinoid tumors demonstrated ER positivity; six of 30 cases were positive for progesterone receptor only. In addition, PR expression was found in one of two cases of atypical carcinoid, in five of 25 cases of small cell carcinoma, and in one of two cases of Merkel cell carcinoma. None of the atypical carcinoids, small cell carcinomas, or Merkel cell carcinomas were ER positive. In most cases, the fraction of tumor cell nuclei that were positive was <50%. These studies add the spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors that can express these hormone receptors. Similar to the pattern previously described in the subsets of meningiomas and islet cell tumors, PR but not ER is detectable in most cases. These results underscore the caution that should be exercised in determining tissue origin of metastatic carcinomas based only on detection of hormone receptors by immunohistochemistry.

An unusual case of malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast

A unusually large tumor of the left breast diagnosed as a cystosarcoma phyllodes with multiple malignant sarcomatous changes of the stroma, consisting of liposarcoma, myxoid fibrosarcoma, anaplastic, and giant cell sarcoma is described. The weight of 6200 g (13.5 lb) seems to be the largest so far presented in the literature reviewed by the authors. © 1986.

Detection of estrogen receptor in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded breast carcinoma: correlation with histological patterns.

The authors studied the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) in tissues of breast carcinomas which were previously fixed in formalin and paraffin-embedded. The ER expression was correlated with several histological findings, namely grade of differentiation, tumor necrosis, desmoplasia, lymphocytic infiltration and elastosis. The ER was detected in tissues using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique associated with the H222 monoclonal antibody from Abbott. All 39 biopsies were of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast and 16 of them expressed ER. The statistical analysis showed that the expression of ER was correlated with histological findings of good prognosis as well differentiated carcinomas, no tumor necrosis, absence or mild lymphocytic infiltration around the tumor cells and severe elastosis.

Simple mucin-type carbohydrate antigens (T, sialosyl T, Tn and sialosyl-Tn) in breast carcinogenesis

Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of simple mucin-type carbohydrate antigens (Tn, sialyl-Tn and T) was performed in a series of 43 cases of intraductal hyperplasia without atypia, 9 cases of intraductal hyperplasia with atypia, 54 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 26 cases of invasive breast carcinoma. We also studied 36 cases of isolated breast normal epithelium, 20 cases of 'normal' breast epithelium adjacent to neoplasms and 14 cases of apocrine metaplasia. All antigens were detected in different frequencies in normal, hyperplastic, metaplastic and neoplastic breast epithelium. Tn and sialyl-Tn are expressed more frequently in malignant than in benign breast epithelium; while Tn expression increases from normal to invasive carcinomas, sialyl-Tn increases until DCIS and drops in invasive carcinomas, suggesting that either there is a failure of a proportion of DCIS to progress to invasive carcinoma or loss of expression of sialyl-Tn when some carcinomas become invasive. The high frequency of Tn and sialyl-Tn expression in breast intraductal proliferations probably reflects incomplete glycosylation in these lesions, which is a well-known tumour-associated phenomenon and supports the assumption that such lesions are putative precursors of breast cancer. T antigen was expressed in all groups studied, but its prevalence differed significantly between normal and neoplastic epithelium. The expression of these antigens in epithelium adjacent to carcinomas is similar to that found in isolated normal breast epithelium, whereas apocrine metaplasia has a pattern of simple mucin-type glycosylation that is specific and distinct from that of the normal breast epithelium, with a high frequency of marked expression of Tn and sialyl-Tn. The similarity of the pattern of expression of simple mucin-type antigens in metaplasia and malignant neoplasia reduces the usefulness of these markers from a diagnostic standpoint.

Cytogenetic evaluation of 20 primary breast carcinomas

Chromosome analysis was performed on samples from 20 Brazilian patients with breast cancer. All the samples were from untreated patients who presented the clinical symptoms for months or years before surgical intervention. Six cases showed axillary lymph node metastases. Clonal chromosome abnormalities were detected in all cases. The numerical alterations most frequently observed involved the loss of chromosomes X, 19, 20, and 22 followed by gain of chromosomes 9 and 8. Among the structural anomalies observed, there was preferential involvement of chromosomes 11, 6, 1, 7, 3, and 12, supporting previous reports that these chromosomes may harbour genes of importance in the development of breast tumors. Two cases with a family history of breast cancer had in common total or partial trisomy 1.

Tamoxifen down-regulates CaMKII messenger RNA levels in normal human breast tissue

Tamoxifen was proven to reduce the incidence of breast cancer by 49% in women at increased risk of the disease in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. In order to identify potential candidates to explain the preventive effect induced by tamoxifen on breast cancer, normal breast tissue obtained from 42 fibroadenoma patients, randomly assigned to receive placebo or tamoxifen, was analyzed by the reverse Northern blot and RT-PCR techniques. The cDNA fragments used on Northern blot membranes were generated by the Human Cancer Genome Project funded by the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil). Total RNA was obtained from normal breast tissue from patients with clinical, cytological and ultrasound diagnosis of fibroadenoma. After a 50-day treatment with tamoxifen (10 or 20 mg/day) or placebo, normal breast tissue adjacent to the tumor was collected during lumpectomy with local anesthesia. One differentially expressed gene, Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), was found to be down-regulated during TAM treatment. CaMKII is an ubiquitous serine/threonine protein kinase that has been implicated in the diverse effects of hormones utilizing Ca2+ as a second messenger as well as in c-fos activation. These results indicate that the down-regulation of CaMKII induced by TAM might represent alternative or additional mechanisms of the action of this drug on cell cycle control and response to hormones in normal human breast tissue.