Biomass and Stand Characteristics of a Highly Productive Mixed Douglas-Fir and Western Hemlock Plantation in Coastal Washington

Aboveground biomass predictive equations were developed for a highly productive 47-year-old mixed Douglas-fir and western hemlock stand in southwest Washington State to characterize the preharvest stand attributes for the Fall River Long-Term Site Productivity Study. The equations were developed using detailed biomass data taken from 31 Douglas-fir and 11 western hemlock trees within the original stand. The stand had an average of 615 live trees per hectare, with an average dbh of 35.6 cm (39.1 cm for Douglas-fir and 33.3 cm for western hemlock) and an average total tree height of 31.6 m (32.8 m for Douglas-fir and 30.2 m for western hemlock). Equations developed were of the form In Y = b(1) + b(2) In dbh, where Y = biomass in kg, dbh = diameter in cm at 1.3 m height, b(1) = intercept, and b(2) = slope of equation. Each tree part was estimated separately and also combined into total aboveground biomass. The total aboveground biomass estimation equations were In Y = -0.9950 + 2.0765 In dbh for Douglas-fir, and In Y = -1.6612 + 2.2321 In dbh for western hemlock. The estimate of the aboveground live-free biomass was of 395 Mg ha(-1) (235 Mg ha(-1) for Douglas-fir and 160 Mg ha(-1) for western hemlock), with 9.5, 29.3, 12.9, 308, and 32.7 Mg ha(-1) in the foliage, live branches, dead branches, stem wood, and stem hark, respectively. When compared with biomass estimates from six other studies, ranging in age from 22 to 110 years and from 96.3 to 636 Mg ha(-1), the biomass of the Fall River site was relatively high for its age, indicating very high productivity.

Planos de amostragem seqüenciais para Orthezia praelonga Douglas (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Ortheziidae) na cultura de citros

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Distribuição de probabilidade de ocorrência de Orthezia praelonga Douglas (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Ortheziidae) na cultura de citros

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Diamondback moth oviposition nonpreference in cauliflower genotypes

The Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is one of the main plague-insect specie of Brassicaceae plants in Brazil and all over the world. The resistant genotypes use to its control is a promising alternative. This work aimed evaluates the eggs distribution along the plant, the adults' density per plant, and determine the cauliflower genotypes effect in the P. xylostella oviposition. The experiment was carried out at FCAV/UNESP-Jaboticabal Campus Phytossanity Department (Departamento de Fitossanidade). It was evaluated the eggs distribution, the P. xylostella adults density effect using Sharon hybrid, and tests with or without choose choice to determine the P. xylostella nonpreference in the Teresopolis Gigante, Verona, Barcelona, Sharon, Silver Streak, and Piracicaba Precoce genotypes. It is possible conclude that P. xylostella has higher willingness to oviposits in the stem than in the basal leaves. The three couple density of P. xylostella per plant is the best to discriminate cauliflower genotypes regarding the resistance grade to nonpreference choose choice to oviposition. During the P. xylostella oviposition preference tests with choose choice, the genotypes Sharon, Piracicaba Precoce, Barcelona, Verona e Teresopolis Gigante are less desirable to oviposition; while during the no choose choice tests the genotypes did not differ among them.

Dispersão de Orthezia praelonga Douglas, 1891 (Hemiptera: Ortheziidae) causada por equipamentos de pulverização em pomar de citros

A cochonilha O. praelonga é considerada uma importante praga dos citros no Brasil, e informações sobre a sua dispersão estão baseadas apenas em observações empíricas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de equipamentos de pulverização comumente utilizados pelos citricultores na dispersão da praga. Armadilhas adesivas foram instaladas no solo e em vergalhões dispostos verticalmente às plantas de três linhas adjacentes em um talhão de citros contendo plantas infestadas pela praga. Foram adotados equipamentos utilizados para controle de pragas dos citros. A avaliação da dispersão foi realizada por meio da contagem de fêmeas, ninfas ou partes dos insetos aderidas às armadilhas adesivas. Os equipamentos Martignani e Bié foram capazes de lançar a praga a até 15 m, enquanto, para o equipamento Turbo Valência, detectaram-se fragmentos cerosos a até 22 m da máquina. Os equipamentos dotados de pistola não causaram qualquer dispersão da praga. Portanto, evidenciou-se que mesmo a utilização de equipamentos para controle de outras pragas pode favorecer a dispersão da cochonilha O. praelonga em pomares de citros, e isso deve ser considerado no aprimoramento do programa de manejo integrado de pragas dos citros.

The effect of Beauveria bassiana on Brazilian poplar moth Condylorrhiza vestigialis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The Brazilian poplar moth is the most important pest of poplar plantations in Brazil. This research evaluated the effect of Beauveria bassiana Bals. (Vuill.) on the mortality and development of Condylorrhiza vestigialis Guen. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The aim was to develop alternative methods for management of this pest. The pathogens were sprayed on poplar leaves and .consequently, the pathogens reached the caterpillars. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner was sprayed as the standard treatment. The spray for the control was distilled water. Both pathogens B. bassiana and B. thuringiensis affected insect development with increase mortality at each stage of the insect cycle, reaching a satisfactory control level. Microbial control of Brazilian poplar moth with B. bassiana is promising. Tests with other strains and species of pathogens, mainly under field conditions, were also encouraging. This is the first report about the action of B. bassiana against C. vestigialis.

FIR laser lines from CH3OD: A review

The methanol isotopic species CH3OD has also proved to be an efficient and powerful medium to generate radiation in the far infrared (FIR) region. After the critical review of 1994, six papers have been published dealing with new FIR laser lines from this molecule. As a consequence of the use of wide tunability waveguide CO2 lasers as well as a new pulsed CO2 laser operating at hot and sequential bands, as of optical pumping sources, the total number of the FIR laser lines increased from 122 in 1994 to 227 today. In this communication we present an updated and complete catalogue of FIR laser lines generated from CH3OD. Information on wavelength, offset, relative polarization, intensity, and optimum operation pressure is generally available.

High resolution spectroscopy of (CH3OH)-C-13 around the 10R(20) CO2 laser emission: New FIR laser lines, frequency measurements and assignments

We investigated the IR absorption spectrum of (CH3OH)-C-13 around the frequency of the 10R(20) CO2 laser line. We found two absorption lines which can be excited by 10R(20) and studied the FIR laser emissions excited by this pump line using a waveguide CO2 laser of 300 MHz tunability: We report two new FIR laser lines of large offset, not previously observed due to their weakness and closeness to other stronger lines. We measured the frequencies of five FIR laser lines for the first time by an accurate heterodyne technique and present the complete assignments of the IR-FIR laser systems relative to this pump line. Furthermore we present new frequency values for two FIR laser lines whose frequencies had been previously wrongly measured. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier B.V. Ltd.

Assignments of FIR laser lines from optically pumped (CH3OH)-C-13

We have revisited the assignments of the far-infrared laser lines emitted by (CH3OH)-C-13 by comparing the laser systems to a high resolution Fourier transform absorption spectrum of (CH3OH)-C-13. The absorption spectrum was analyzed by means of the ''Ritz'' program, which calculates the energy level values directly from the Rydberg-Ritz combination principle. We report new assignments for 11 FIR laser transitions, 17 frequency predictions for new possible laser lines, and we confirm 11 previous assignments. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.

NEW FIR LASER LINES AND FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS FROM OPTICALLY PUMPED CD-13(3)OH-3

We report the discovery of 57 new fir laser lines from (CD3OH)-C-13 molecule optically pumped by a waveguide CO2 laser of 300 MHz tunability. For all lines, precise frequency offset measurements between the CO2 line center and the center of the absorbing (CD3OH)-C-13 line were performed using the transferred Lamb-Dip technique. We have also measured directly the frequency of seven FIR laser lines by heterodyning with already known laser lines.We present a complete list of all known laser lines (134) and frequency measurements (24) for this molecule.

Investigation for long wavelength FIR laser lines for EPR studies: New lines from CH2=CF2

The results described in this work are part of a systematic search for long wavelength laser lines to be used in high magnetic field EPR applications and in plasma diagnostic. Four new far-infrared laser lines of CH2 = CF2 (1,1 difluoroethylene), optically pumped by a waveguide CO2 laser, have been discovered and characterized in wavelength, polarization relative to the pumping radiation and offset relative to the CO2 center frequency. New measurements of polarization and offset of 5 already known laser lines are also reported. A table of all of the known CO2 pumped FIR laser lines from this molecule is given.

High resolution spectroscopy of 13CH3OH around the 10R(20) CO2 laser emission: New FIR laser lines, frequency measurement and assignments

We investigated the IR absorption spectrum of 13CH3OH around the frequency of the 10R(20) CO2 laser line. We found two absorption lines which can be excited by 10R(20) and studied the FIR laser emissions excited by this pump line using a waveguide CO2 laser of 300 MHz tunability. We report two new FIR laser lines of large offset, not previously observed due to their weakness and closeness to other stronger lines. We measured the frequencies of five FIR laser lines for the first time by an accurate heterodyne technique and present the complete assignments of the IR-FIR laser systems relative to this pump line. Furthermore we present new frequency values for two FIR laser lines whose frequencies had been previously wrongly measured. Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Classification of crucifer cultivars based on the life-history of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)

We compared different cultivars and hybrids of crucifers in relation to development and life-history of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) to classify the plants according to their resistance to the pest. The plants used were Manteiga da Geórgia kale, Bola de Neve cauliflower, Ramoso Piracicaba Precoce broccoli, Chato-de-quintal cabbage, and the hybrid cabbages Midori, TPC668, TPC308, and TPC681. We evaluated performance daily until the pupal stage. Pupae were assessed individually to determine the pupal weight, performance, and pupal period. We determined the sex ratio, fecundity, fertility, and longevity of the emerged adults and calculated their reproductive potential. Cabbage hybrids TPC668, TPC308, and TPC681 do not support the development and reproduction of the diamondback moth. These hybrids show a level of resistance that is similar to that found the commercially available hybrid Midori and cultivar Chato de Quintal, which are known to be resistant to the diamondback moth. This finding implies that the capitata (cabbage) cultivars are the most suitable for planting because they are more resistant to pest than the cultivar's moth, acephala (kale). © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Stay out (almost) all night: contrasting responses in flight activity among tropical moth assemblages

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)