Análise microbiológica e físico-química de material proteico comestível derivado do processamento da gordura oriunda do abate de bovinos

Background: The use of all by-products of bovine slaughter is of high economic importance for the industries of products of animal origin. Among these products, fat has an important role, once fat rendering may generate several different products, such as protein material that may be used in the manufacture of meat products. However, in spite of the importance that the use of all by-products has for the economic balance of the industry, there are no reports on their use in Brazil, or studies that supply data on microbiological and physical-chemical local standards for this protein. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate microbiological and physical-chemical characteristics of protein material obtained from fat rendering, as well as to provide support for companies to use fat rendering to generate protein material, adding value to industrialized meat products.Materials, Methods & Results: The experimental production of edible protein obtained of fat rendering was conducted in slaughterhouse with supervision of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. Protein material was obtained in a continuous, humid heat system at high temperatures. Fat scraps containing protein were ground and cooked at high temperature (85 degrees C), and placed in a three phase decanter centrifuge. After centrifugation, protein material was ground again and packed. Samples were collected from 15 batches of protein material, and the following microbiological analyses were carried out: counts of aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms, coliforms at 35 degrees C, Escherichia coli, sulfite-reducing Clostridium, and Staphylococcus aureus, besides presence or absence of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogens. The following physical-chemical analyses were also carried out: protein, total lipid, moisture, ash, carbohydrate, and energy content. Mean counts of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, and coliforms at 35 degrees C were 4.17; 3.69 and 1.87 (log CFU/g), respectively. Levels of protein, total lipids, moisture, ashes and carbohydrates were 27.50; 7.83; 63.88%; 0.24%; and 0.55%, respectively, and energy content was 182.63 kcal/100g.Discussion: Results of microbiological analyses demonstrated that, although low, the final product showed to be contaminated. Contamination that occurred during the second grinding procedure may be an explanation for these bacterial counts. Also, the temperature used for fat fusion was not enough to eliminate thermoduric microorganisms. However, even with the presence of indicator microorganisms in the samples, none was contaminated by E. coli, sulfite-reducing Clostridium, S. aureus, Salmonella or L. monocytogenes. Physical-chemical analyses showed that the product had adequate nutritional quality. Based on these results, it was possible to conclude that protein material obtained in fat rendering showed characteristics that enable the use of this product as raw material for processed meat products. Besides, the present study was the first one to present scientific results in relation to edible by-products obtained in fat rendering, supplying important information for slaughterhouses and meat-processing plants. The study also produced relevant data on the innocuousness of the product, which may be used to guide decision-making of health inspectors.

Consumo e dinâmica ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro em bovinos em pastejo no período das águas recebendo suplementação com nitrogênio não-proteico e/ou proteína verdadeira

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes relações entre proteína verdadeira e nitrogênio não-proteico sobre o consumo e a dinâmica de trânsito e degradação ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) da forragem em bovinos em pastejo durante o período das águas. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos mestiços Holandês × Zebu, castrados, com peso corporal inicial de 335±35 kg fistulados no rúmen e no abomaso. Os tratamentos foram: controle (somente pasto); e suplementos com ureia; com 2/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da ureia e 1/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da albumina; com 1/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da ureia e 2/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da albumina; e com albumina. Foram fornecidos 200 g/dia de proteína bruta (PB) a partir dos suplementos. O experimento foi conduzido segundo delineamento em quadrado latino 5 × 5, com cinco períodos experimentais de 15 dias. Não foram observados efeitos da suplementação sobre o consumo voluntário, com exceção do consumo de PB, que aumentou com a suplementação. A substituição da ureia por albumina nos suplementos teve efeito linear sobre o consumo de PB. Os consumos dos demais componentes da dieta não foram afetados pela composição dos suplementos. Nenhum efeito foi observado sobre a taxa de passagem ruminal de compostos fibrosos. O fornecimento de suplementos ampliou, em média, a estimativa da taxa comum de latência e degradação da FDN. Contudo, não houve efeito da alteração na composição dos suplementos sobre este parâmetro. A suplementação de bovinos com fontes de compostos nitrogenados degradáveis no rúmen proteicos ou não-proteicos durante o período das águas não afeta o consumo voluntário de pasto.

Sistema de alimentação de livre escolha com milho em grão ou moído e concentrado proteico para frangos de corte

O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar os sistemas de alimentação convencional ou de livre escolha, utilizando 6 dietas a base de milho em grão ou moído e concentrado protéico sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte do l° ao 45° dia de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6x2 (6 tratamentos e 2 sexos), com 3 repetições de 30 aves. Os tratamentos foram: T1-Milho moído + Concentrado do 1° ao 45° dia, fornecidos misturados; T2-Milho moído + Concentrado do 1° ao 45° dia, fornecidos separados em 2 comedouros; T3- Milho moído + Concentrado, fornecidos misturados, do l° ao 14° dia e do 15° ao 45° dia, milho em grão + concentrado, fornecidos misturados; T4 Milho moído + Concentrado, fornecidos misturados, do 1° ao 14° dia e do 15° ao 45° dia, milho em grão + concentrado, fornecidos separados; T5 - Milho moído + Concentrado, fornecidos misturados do 1° ao 21° dia e do 22° ao 45° dia, milho em grão + concentrado, fornecidos misturados; T6- Milho moído + Concentrado, fornecidos separados, do l ° ao 21° dia e do 22° ao 45° dia, milho em grão + concentrado, fornecidos misturados. Pêlos resultados e condições que realizou-se o presente trabalho conclui-se que: o milho em grão pode ser fornecido a frangos de corte misturado ao concentrado a partir do 15° dia de idade; o milho moído não proporcionou bons resultados de desempenho no programa de alimentação de livre escolha: as aves alimentadas com milho em grão apresentaram maior peso de moela, bem como acumularam mais gordura na carcaça; autilização de milho em grão fornecido junto ao concentrado, embora tenha proporcionado desempenho ligeiramente inferior à ração convencional, pode ser considerado satisfarório, sendo uma alternativa para pequenos produtores avícolas.

Derivado cinamoílico com atividade no reparo de DNA e outras substâncias de Cinnamomum australe (Lauraceae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Digestibilidade total e parcial e balanço nitrogenado em bovinos em pastejo no período das águas recebendo suplementos com nitrogênio não-proteico e/ou proteína verdadeira

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes relações entre proteína verdadeira e nitrogênio não-proteico sobre a digestibilidade, a síntese de proteína microbiana e o balanço de compostos nitrogenados em bovinos em pastejo durante o período das águas. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos mestiços Holandês × Zebu, castrados, com peso vivo inicial de 335±35 kg fistulados no rúmen e no abomaso. Os tratamentos foram: controle (somente pasto); e suplementos com ureia; com 2/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da ureia e 1/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da albumina; com 1/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da ureia e 2/3 de compostos nitrogenados oriundos da albumina; e com albumina. Foram fornecidos 200 g/dia de proteína bruta (PB) a partir dos suplementos. O experimento foi conduzido segundo delineamento em quadrado latino 5 × 5, com cinco períodos experimentais, cada um de 15 dias. A suplementação não afetou os coeficientes de digestibilidade total nem o teor de nutrientes digestíveis totais da dieta; elevou as estimativas do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente ruminal da PB, que migraram de negativa, no tratamento controle, para positivas, porém não diferentes de zero, nos tratamentos envolvendo suplementação. O fornecimento de suplementos elevou a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal. O balanço de compostos nitrogenados aumentou com a suplementação. A substituição de ureia por albumina influenciou de forma cúbica o balanço de compostos nitrogenados, cuja estimativa foi maior para o suplemento com 1/3 de PB oriunda da ureia. A eficiência de síntese microbiana no rúmen não foi influenciada pelo fornecimento ou pela composição dos suplementos. A suplementação de bovinos em pastejo com fontes de compostos nitrogenados degradáveis durante o período das águas amplia a eficiência de uso do pasto, principalmente por ampliar a retenção de compostos nitrogenados no organismo.

ESTUDO DO ZINCO PLASMATICO E HEMATICO NA DESNUTRICAO PROTEICO CALORICA EXPERIMENTAL

Plasma and red cell zinc was assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in three groups of male rats, 58 days old, weaned in the 30th day of life. Control group (20 rats) was fed with normal lab diet while the kwashiorkor group (20 rats) received a protein-free diet and the marasmic group (15 rats) received a protein calorie deficient diet. The clinical and biochemical data obtained in the different groups agreed with the nutritional state. A lower and similar concentration of Zinc in plasma and red cells was observed among both malnourished groups. In this paper the authors discuss the results and present a review of the literature concerning the role of zinc in nutrition.

Metabolismo (lipídios e proteínas) e histopatologia do cérebro de ratos recém nascidos, jovens e adultos, submetidos a desnutrição proteico calórica, tipo marasmo

Brains of Wistar male rats (newborns, youngs and adults) submitted to protein-calorie deprivation for different periods (27, 33 and 60 days) were studied histologically and biochemically (protein and lipids contents). Lower levels of lipid, particularly among young rats, were observed in all groups. The protein levels were also significantly lower in the newborns, only slightly diminished in the youngs and not altered in the adults. On the other hand the histological study made in all groups did not show any qualitative modifications. The authors concluded that the protein-calorie deprivation affects the brain composition markedly in the earlier periods of life when the developing rate is greater. This could result in irreversible brain damage.

CAPACIDADE DE ABSORCAO DE AGUA, OLEO E FORMACAO DE ESPUMA DA FARINHA E CONCENTRADO PROTEICO DE FEIJAO-GUANDU (CAJANUS FLAVUS DC.)

Pigeonpea protein concentrate was prepared from full-fat decorticated raw flour. The water holding capacity of pigeonpea flour of decorticated seeds is 75% and its oil absorption capacity a 30%. The water holding capacity of the protein concentrate is three times the dry weight. The oil absorption capacity of the concentrate was 1,29 mL oil/g protein. The whipping capacity of the pigeonpea flour and its protein concentrate were evaluated.

Atividade antiedema do pró-fármaco polimérico PDC-70 derivado do diclofenaco

The PDC-70 polymeric prodrug derived from the diclofenac has shown antiedema activity when administered through intramuscular route in rats. Besides that it has produced superior activity when compared to the diclofenac sodium. These promising results indicate antiinflammatory activity for the PDC-70 polymeric prodrug.

Fator de crescimento derivado de plaquetas humanas obtido por uma metodologia rápida e de baixo custo

Human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was purified from lysates of clinically outdated human platelets by ionic exchange chromatography in CM-Sepharose. The eluated fraction was submitted to the Immunoblot/Slot Blot assay using anti-PDGF-AA and anti-PDGF-BB polyclonal antibodies and was evaluated as to its biological activity through the test of [H 3]-thymidine incorporation in NIH/3T3 cell line fibroblasts in culture. The Immunoblot/Slot Blot assay using anti-PDGF-AA and anti-PDGF-BB antibodies proved the presence of the PDGF in chromatographic cationic fraction. The comparison of biological activities between fiblobrast stimulation assay using recombinant PDGF-AB and partially purified PDGF was demonstrated in 165.796 and 157.567 cpm, respectively. This result, proved the potent mitogenic effect of partially purified PDGF and consequently their evidence about the wound healing activity.

Síntese e modelagem molecular do novo derivado indolinônico como candidato a antiinflamatório COX-2 seletivo

Anti-inflammatory drugs are known to be the most widely-marketed drugs in the world, despite their serious side effects, mainly on the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, there are constant efforts to discover new prototypes with improved therapeutic activity and safety for the patient. Since the advent of the computational chemistry, the theoretical study of the physiological behavior of a new compound and hence an understanding of its supposed mechanism of action have been made a lot more accessible. Thus, molecule-receptor mathematical modeling was applied to compound I (1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)indolin-2-one), to predict theoretically its ability to inhibit, selectively, the COX-2 isoform of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGHS-2), and the best positions to introduce chemical groups and to make molecular modifications.

Síntese e atividade biológica do derivado 6-formil-oxamniquina

Schistosomiasis, an important disease in Brazil, is caused by a trematode of the genus Schistosoma, reaching millions of person in one of the most endemic region of this disease in the whole globe. The main goal of this work was to syntetize the 6-formyl- oxamniquine derivative and evaluate its biological activity. The 6-formyl-oxamniquine derivative was obtained by the oxidation of oxamniquine with MnO 2, applying CH 2Cl 2 as solvent at room temperature for 24 hours. The obtaintion of 6-formyl-oxamniquine derivative compound was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and 13C NMR and 1H NMR, presenting similar activity when compared to the commercial oxamniquine (Mansil®).

Concentrado proteico de vísceras de surubim híbrido em dietas para cachara

The current study evaluated the growth performance and the haematological profile of barred sorubim fed with levels of hybrid sorubim viscera protein concentrate (0.0; 5.0; 10.0 e 15.0%) in isoprotein and isoenergetic diets. Eighty fish with an average initial weight of 39.8 ± 0.28 g and an average initial length of 19.92 ± 0.25 cm were distributed in 16 aquaria of 60 L, with recirculation system and temperature control, during 35 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and four replications. For the growth performance assay were analyzed the follows variables: weight gain (WG), feed consumption (FC), apparent feed conversion ratio (AFCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Furthermore, the hemogram were assessed on the treated fish with levels of protein concentrate. It was observed no significant difference (P>0.05) for all the parameters evaluated. It was concluded that the protein concentrate from hybrid sorubim viscera can be included up to 15% in diets for barred sorubim juveniles without negative response on the performance and health.