Effects of primovaccination and booster vaccination on serum cortisol and humoral immune response in cattle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of one or two doses of the anti-rabies vaccination on the serum concentration of cortisol and the humoral immune response in cattle as well as the correlation between serum cortisol concentrations and the titers of rabies-neutralizing antibodies. Nelore cattle were randomly assigned to one of three groups, which were vaccinated with one dose of rabies vaccine (group GVSR, N = 15), two doses of rabies vaccine (group GVR, N = 15) or were not vaccinated (group Gc, N = 15). A commercial liquid inactivated rabies vaccine was used. The stressors imposed on the cattle were vaccination, corral handling and the presence of people. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 30 and 60 post-vaccination. Serum cortisol concentrations were determined using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, and rabies antibody titers were determined using a serum neutralization test with BHK21 cells (RFFIT). Both serum cortisol concentrations and antibody titers increased after the second (booster) vaccination (P < 0.05). In all the groups, the serum cortisol concentrations increased after the cattle were handled in the corral (P < 0.05). No correlation was observed between the serum cortisol concentrations and the antibody titers with any treatment or on any observation day. In conclusion, booster vaccination is indispensable for primovaccinated cattle in achieving high and protective levels of rabies antibodies. Although booster vaccination and frequent cattle handling in corrals are stressors, the response is not strong enough to cause immunosuppression in cattle.

Avaliação da nutrição adequada e insuficiente em cobre ou zinco sobre a resposta imune humoral à vacinação contra Clostridium chauvoei e parâmetros hematológicos em bezerros Nelore

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Vaccination protocol and bacterial strain affect the serological response of beef calves against blackleg

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Anticorpos contra Leptospira spp em bovinos leiteiros vacinados com bacterina polivalente comercial: perfil sorológico frente a dois esquemas de vacinação

Mediante a utilização da prova de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), foi pesquisada a indução de anticorpos contra leptospira em bovinos vacinados com uma bacterina polivalente comercial. Procurou-se avaliar a resposta sorológica homóloga frente a dois esquemas de vacinação. Os animais utilizados foram fêmeas adultas em produção leiteira oriundas de seis propriedades da região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Vinte animais de cada propriedade foram escolhidos após três exames sorológicos com 24 sorovares de leptospiras com intervalo de 20 dias, através de triagem sorológica com 24 antígenos de leptospiras. Os grupos foram constituídos de animais não reagentes (I, II e III) e animais reagentes (IV, V e VI). Posteriormente os animais foram subdivididos em grupos controle (I e IV), os que receberam somente uma dose de vacina (II e V) e que receberam duas uma doses de vacina com e dose de reforço após 30 dias (III e VI). Os animais foram monitorados por meio da SAM nos dias 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 após a primeira aplicação da vacina. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os animais vacinados e não vacinados. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) nas respostas de títulos vacinais com relação ao perfil sorológico apresentados pelos animais. A vacinação com reforço apresentou melhor desempenho e a indução produção de aglutininas somente ocorreu contra os sorovares hardjo, wolffi, icterohaemorrhagiae e pomona. Há a necessidade de maiores estudos sobre o poder imunogênico da vacina utilizada no experimento.

Newcastle disease in white Pekin ducks: response to experimental vaccination and challenge

A total of 120 Pekin ducks were distributed at random into four experimental groups, vaccinated or not against Newcastle disease (ND): G1 (Ulster 2C strain), G2 (B1 strain), G3 (LaSota strain), and G4 (nonvaccinated group). At 60 days of age, all groups were challenged with a pathogenic ND virus (NDV) suspension, and a group of specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks (G5) was also inoculated. Cloacal and tracheal swabs from all birds were collected after six, 14, 20, and 30 days post-challenge for virus isolation. NDV was isolated in 100% of SPF chicks. Pekin ducks from all groups, vaccinated or not, did not show any ND clinical signs, demonstrating that these birds are not susceptible to ND clinical disease. In the control group (G4), the virus was isolated 20 to 30 days after challenge, suggesting their possible NDV carrier state. In the vaccinated groups, no virus was isolated. This demonstrates that vaccination of white Pekin ducks against NDV is important to reduce NDV shedding in the field.

Immunoprophylactic strategies against enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type D in goats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efficacy of several Salmonella vaccination programs against experimental challenge with Salmonella gallinarum in commercial brown layer and broiler breeder hens

The protective effect of various Salmonella vaccines regimens against an experimental Salmonella Gallinarum challenge (SGNalr strain at 12 wk of age) was evaluated in two experiments. In Experiment 1 commercial brown layers were vaccinated according to one of the following programs: (i) two doses of a SE bacterin (Layermune SE; group 1); (ii) a first dose of a live SG9R vaccine (Cevac SG9R) followed by a SE bacterin (Layermune SE; group 2); (iii) one dose of each of two different multivalent inactivated vaccines containing SE cells (Corymune 4 & Corymune 7; group 3) or (iv) not vaccinated (group 4). In Experiment 2, broiler breeders were given the same vaccination treatments except for the group vaccinated with the multivalent vaccines. Overall, in both experiments, all vaccination schemes were effective in reducing mortality after challenge with a SG field strain. Primary vaccination with an initial dose of a live SG9R vaccine followed some weeks later by a dose of an inactivated SE bacterin was the most effective (p<0.05) vaccination program against mortality induced by field SG experimental challenge in both experiments. In conclusion, Salmonella vaccination programs containing SE bacterins alone or in combination with a live SG9R vaccine are effective in preventing mortality induced by infection of field SG. Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that any vaccination program against any Salmonella serotype will only be effective if it is part of a sound and comprehensive biosecurity program designed for Salmonella control in poultry farms.

Inflammatory responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus to Streptococcus agalactiae: effects of vaccination and yeast diet supplement

This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with 0.3% Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cell wall and of vaccination against Streptococcus agalactiae on the cellular component of acute inflammation induced in the coelomic cavity of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and on survival of the fish after challenge. A total of 84 tilapia of mean (+/- SD) weight 125.0 +/- 1.5 g were distributed among twelve 310 l fiberglass tanks according to a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design in the following manner: with and without supplementation; 2 stimulations (oily solution without S. agalactiae vaccine and vaccination); 15 d later all fish were intracoelomically challenged with 10(8) CFU ml(-1) of a homologous strain of S. agalactiae, and evaluated after 6, 24 and 48 h, with 7 replicates. The fish received the non-supplemented or supplemented diet for a total of 77 d. The vaccination was performed on the 60th day, intracoelomically, as a single injection of 0.5 ml of the vaccine containing 10(8) CFU ml(-1). Fifteen days later, all the fish were challenged with S. agalactiae by means of an intracoelomic inoculation of 10(8) CFU ml(-1). No mortality was observed among the supplemented fish. The fish that were fed the non-supplemented diet and immunized with the bacterium presented a mortality rate of 28.5%. Among the non-supplemented and non-immunized fish, the mortality rate was 38.09%. Supplementation, in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated fish, induced larger accumulations of thrombocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages at the inflammatory focus. The results suggest that supplementation with 0.3% yeast cell wall, in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated fish, improved the inflammatory response of the fish and protected against the challenge. Vaccination increased the defense response, but the effect was stronger when associated with supplementation with S. cerevisiae.

Efficacy of several vaccination programmes in commercial layer and broiler breeder hens against experimental challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis

Two experiments were performed to evaluate the protective effect of various vaccination combinations given at 5 and 9 weeks of age against experimental challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ( SE) phage type 4 at 12 weeks of age. In Experiment 1, groups of commercial layers were vaccinated by one of the following programmes: Group 1, two doses of a SE bacterin (Layermune SE); Group 2, one dose of a live Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum vaccine (Cevac SG9R) followed by one dose of the SE bacterin; Group 3, one dose of each of two different multivalent inactivated vaccines containing SE cells (Corymune 4K and Corymune 7K; and Group 4, unvaccinated, challenged controls. In Experiment 2, groups of broiler breeders were vaccinated by the same programmes as Groups 1 and 2 above while Group 3 was an unvaccinated, challenged control group. All vaccination programmes and the challenge induced significant (P<0.05) seroconversion as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall, in both experiments, all vaccination schemes were significantly effective in reducing organ (spleen, liver and caeca) colonization by the challenge strain as well as reducing faecal excretion for at least 3 weeks. Vaccinated layers in Groups 1 and 2 and broiler breeders in Group 2 showed the greatest reduction in organ colonization and the least faecal excretion. In Experiment 1, layers vaccinated with multivalent inactivated vaccines containing a SE component (Group 3) were only moderately protected, indicating that such a vaccination programme may be useful in farms with good husbandry and housing conditions and low environmental infectious pressure by Salmonella.

Resposta humoral de bovinos vacinados contra as toxinas botulínicas tipos C e D em diferentes faixas etárias

Foi verificada pelo teste de ELISA indireto a resposta humoral contra os toxoides botulínicos C e D em bovinos de diferentes idades. O estudo envolveu 90 animais, que foram divididos em três grupos (n = 30), de acordo com a sua faixa etária; inferior a 2 anos de idade (G1), entre 2 e 5 anos (G2) e superior a 5 anos (G3). Os grupos experimentais foram vacinados com duas doses de vacina antibotulínica bivalente (C e D) comercial, nos dias 0 e 42 após a primo-vacinação (booster). Na avaliação, quando realizada 30 dias após o booster, os animais do G3 apresentaram maior produção de anticorpos (p < 0,05) em relação aos demais grupos. Entre o G1 e G2 não houve diferença significativa na resposta humoral contra a toxina C, no entanto, contra a toxina D, os animais do G1 apresentaram maior produção de anticorpos. Todos os grupos produziram uma resposta significativa de anticorpos contra as toxinas botulínicas após a 2ª dose da vacina bivalente comercial, principalmente contra o tipo D.

Predictors of adherence to influenza vaccination for healthcare workers from a teaching hospital: a study in the prepandemic era

Introduction: Even before the 2009 pandemics, influenza in healthcare workers (HCW) was a known threat to patient safety, while Influenza vaccine coverage in the same group was generally low. Identification of predictors for HCW adherence to Influenza vaccination has challenged infection control committees. Methods: Our group conducted a cross-sectional survey in December 2007, interviewing 125 HCWs from a teaching hospital to identify adherence predictors for Influenza vaccination. The outcomes of interest were: A - adherence to the 2007 vaccination campaign; B - adherence to at least three yearly campaigns in the past five years. Demographic and professional data were assessed through univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: of the HCWs interviewed, 43.2% were vaccinated against Influenza in 2007. However, only 34.3% of HCWs working in healthcare for more than five years had adhered to at least three of the last five vaccination campaigns. Multivariate analysis showed that working in a pediatric unit (OR = 7.35, 95% I = 1.90-28.44, p = 0.004) and number of years in the job (OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.00-1.74, p = 0.049) were significant predictors of adherence to the 2007 campaign. Physicians returned the worst outcome performances in A (OR = 0.40, 95%CI = 0.16-0.97, p = 0.04) and B (OR = 0.17, 95%CI = 0.05-0.60, p = 0.006). Conclusions: Strategies to improve adherence to Influenza vaccination should focus on physicians and newly-recruited HCWs. New studies are required to assess the impact of the recent Influenza A pandemics on HCW-directed immunization policies.

Effect of vaccination and the immunomodulators bacillus of Calmette-Guerin, Avridine and Propionibacterium acnes on rabies in mice

Responses: of vaccination and treatment to immunomodulators against rabies in mice were evaluated through macrophage inhibition factor (MIF), intra-pad inoculation (IPI) and serum neutralization (SN) tests and by the detection of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma). Onco-BCG, Avridine and Propionibacterium acnes were administered to groups of mice. Higher survival rates were found in animals treated with P. acnes. Lower levels of IFN-gamma were observed in the groups of infected and vaccinated mice. The IPI was not effective on detecting the response of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Vaccine induced in the infected animals a more intense response to MIF reaction. (C) 1998 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of the bacillus of Calmette-Guerin, Propionibacterium acnes and avridine as immunomodulators in antirabies vaccination of mice using the Fuenzalida-Palacios mouse brain vaccine

Using the laboratory mice, Fuenzalida-Palacios mouse brain human rabies vaccine was administered in groups of animals previously inoculated with rabies virus and then submitted to treatments with the immunomodulators onco-BCG, avridine and Plopionibacterium acnes. Humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated through the macrophage inhibition factor (MIF), intra-pad inoculation (IPI) and serum neutralization (SN) tests and by the detection of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma). The IPI test was not effective in detecting the response of delayed-type hypersensitivity, contrary to MIF, which showed the immune cellular response. Higher levels of IFN-gamma were observed in the groups of mice vaccinated and treated with avridine and P. acnes. Although immunomodulating activities have been detected, the use of adjuvants with the Fuenzalida-Palacios type vaccine in mice did not reveal any encouraging results. (C) 1999 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of Experimental Vaccination Against Newcastle Disease in Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis): Investigation of the State of Virus Carrier.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of vaccination against Newcastle Disease (ND) in lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis) and to investigate the state of carrier of the virus (NDV) in this species. There were used 48 lovebirds, distributed at random into 4 experimental groups: GI (Ulster 2C strain), Gil (B1 strain), Gill (LaSota strain) and GIV (non-vaccinated group). At 12 months of age, all groups were challenged with a pathogenic virus (NDV) suspension (ElD50 = 1081510.1 mL) and a group of Specific-Pathogen-Free (SPF) chicks were used as control of the virus. Cloaca) swabs from each bird were collected after 9, 14 and 21 days post-challenge for detection of genome viral excretion by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction RT-PCR. Lovebirds of GI, Gil and Gill did not demonstrate any signs of ND. They were refractory to the clinical disease. In lovebirds from the control group, NDV genome was detected 9 and 21 days after challenge. Therefore it was demonstrated the state of carrier of NDV by lovebirds. In birds from the vaccinated groups, genome viral excretion was not detected by RT-PCR. It was also demonstrated the importance of the vaccination in the suppression of the state of virus carrier of ND in lovebirds.

An in vitro growth inhibition test for measuring the potency of Leptospira spp. Sejroe group vaccine in buffaloes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)