Force system evaluation of symmetrical beta-titanium T-loop springs preactivated by curvature and concentrated bends

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Curvature versus V-bends in a group B titanium T-loop spring

Objective: To compare the system of forces acting on curvature and preactivated V-bends in titanium T-loop springs (TTLSs) made of 0.017- X 0.025-inch TMA (titanium molibdenium alloy) wire.Materials and Methods: Pictures of TTLSs preactivated by curvature and V-bends were inserted in the LOOP software program to design both TTLSs. Symmetry was assured using the program. Both TTLSs used the same amount (length) of wire and had the same angulation between their anterior and posterior extremities when passive. The loops were activated 7 mm, and forces and moments were registered after each 0.5 mm of deactivation. The brackets were at the same height, separated by 23 mm and angulated 0 degrees.Results: The preactivated curvature TTLS delivered horizontal forces ranging from 34 gF to 456 gF, while the TTLS preactivated by V-bends delivered forces ranging from 54 gF to 517 gF. The forces decreased more (30 gF vs 33 gF) with every 0.5 mm of activation on the preactivated V-bend TTLS than on the preactivated curvature TTLS. Vertical forces were low and clinically insignificant for both TTLSs. The moment to force (MF) ratios were systematically higher on the preactivated curvature than on the preactivated V-bend TTLS (from 5.8 mm to 38.8 mm vs 4.7 mm to 28.3 mm).Conclusions: Although both loops show symmetrical moments in their anterior and posterior extremities and can be used for group B anchorage, the curvature preactivated TTLS delivers lower horizontal forces and higher MF ratios than the acute preactivated V-bend TTLS.

Analysis of residual stress and hardness in regions of pre-manufactured and manual bends in fixation plates for maxillary advancement

The aim of this study was to analyze, through Vickers hardness test and photoelasticity analysis, pre-bent areas, manually bent areas, and areas without bends of 10-mm advancement pre-bent titanium plates (Leibinger system). The work was divided into three groups: group I-region without bend, group II-region of 90° manual bend, and group III-region of 90° pre-fabricated bends. All the materials were evaluated through hardness analysis by the Vickers hardness test, stress analysis by residual images obtained in a polariscope, and photoelastic analysis by reflection during the manual bending. The data obtained from the hardness tests were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's tests at a significance level of 5 %. The pre-bent plate (group III) showed hardness means statistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the other groups (I-region without bends, II-90° manually bent region). Through the study of photoelastic reflection, it was possible to identify that the stress gradually increased, reaching a pink color (1.81 δ / λ), as the bending was performed. A general analysis of the results showed that the bent plate region of pre-bent titanium presented the best results.

Effects of stress relaxation in beta-titanium orthodontic loops

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Friction losses in valves and fittings for liquid food products

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Can Drag Force Suppress Fermi Acceleration in a Bouncer Model?

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Comparação de parâmetros periodontais após utilização de contenção ortodôntica com fio trançado e contenção modificada

OBJETIVO: o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar dois tipos de contenções ortodônticas fixas, em relação a parâmetros periodontais estabelecidos. A contenção com fio trançado é a mais comumente utilizada e a contenção modificada apresenta dobras que têm a finalidade de permitir o livre acesso do fio dental às áreas interproximais. MÉTODOS: para esse estudo cruzado, foram selecionados 12 voluntários que utilizaram, por 6 meses, A) Contenção com fio trançado e B) Contenção modificada - sendo essas fixadas em todos os dentes do segmento anterior. Após esse período experimental, foram feitas as seguintes avaliações: Índice de Placa Dentária, Índice Gengival, Índice de Cálculo Dentário e Índice de Cálculo ao longo do fio de contenção. Os voluntários também responderam a um questionário com relação à utilização, conforto e higienização das contenções. RESULTADOS: foi observado que o índice de placa e o índice gengival foram maiores nas faces linguais (p<0,05) para a contenção modificada. Além disso, o índice de cálculo foi estatisticamente maior (p<0,05) considerando-se as faces linguais e proximais na utilização da contenção modificada. O índice de cálculo ao longo do fio também apresentou valores significativamente maiores (p<0,05) na contenção modificada. em relação ao questionário, 58% dos voluntários consideraram que a contenção modificada é mais desconfortável; e 54% deles preferiram a contenção com fio trançado. CONCLUSÃO: a partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a contenção com fio trançado apresentou melhores resultados do que a contenção modificada, de acordo com os parâmetros periodontais avaliados, além de apresentar maior conforto e preferência na sua utilização.

Friction losses in valves and fittings for power-law fluids

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A utilização de diferentes configurações de molas T para a obtenção de sistemas de forças otimizados

OBJETIVO: determinar as características mecânicas de molas T e T com helicóides, quando da incorporação de variações na liga metálica (aço inoxidável e beta-titânio), na intensidade de dobras de pré-ativação (0º e 40º/180º) e na secção transversal do fio utilizado para a construção destas molas (0,017 x 0,025 e 0,019 x 0,025). METODOLOGIA: foram submetidas ao ensaio mecânico 80 molas para fechamento de espaços, sendo estas centralizadas em um espaço de 21mm. As magnitudes de força horizontal, proporção momento/força e relação carga/deflexão produzidas pelos corpos de prova foram quantificadas utilizando-se um transdutor de momentos acoplado ao módulo indicador digital para extensiometria e adaptado a uma máquina universal de ensaios Instron. As molas foram submetidas a uma ativação total de 5mm, sendo registrados os valores a cada 1mm de ativação. No tratamento estatístico dos dados obtidos, foi realizada a análise de variância, sendo esta complementada pelo teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: os resultados demonstraram que, de maneira geral, as molas T com helicóides produziram menores magnitudes de força horizontal e relação carga/deflexão do que as molas T. Na presença de pré-ativação, as molas produziram altas proporções momento/força, enquanto, na ausência de dobras de pré-ativação, as mesmas geraram baixas proporções momento/força. Dentre todas as variáveis analisadas, aquela que apresentou uma maior influência na força horizontal e na relação carga/deflexão produzidas pelas molas foi a liga metálica. Já a proporção momento/força mostrou ser influenciada em maior grau pela pré-ativação das molas de fechamento.

SAXS study of gelation, aging and drying of silica-polypropyleneglycol hybrid materials

New silica-polypropyleneglycol ormosils (organically modified silicates) with covalent bends between the organic (polymer) and inorganic (silica) phases have been prepared by the sol-gel process. Their structural evolution during sol formation, sol-gel transition, gel aging and drying has been studied in situ by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The experimental SAXS curves corresponding to sols and gels exhibit features expected from fractal objects. Clusters of size around 55 Angstrom with an initial fractal dimension D = 2.4 are formed in the sol. They are constituted of small primary silica particles chemically crosslinked at the end of the polymer chains. A strong liquid-like spatial correlation between the silica particles develops during drying due to the shrinkage of the polymeric network induced by water and ethanol evaporation. The continuous increase in SAXS intensity during drying, while the interparticle distance remains constant, is a consequence of the progressive growth of the dry fraction of the total volume. After drying, the gel structure consists of a rather compact arrangement of silica particles embedded in the polypropyleneglycol matrix.

Friction losses in valves and fittings for viscoplastic fluids

Data on pressure drop were obtained in stainless steel, sanitary fittings and valves during laminar and turbulent flow of aqueous suspensions of sucrose and bentonite. The rheological properties of these suspensions were determined and the Bingham model provided the best fitting with the experimental data. Friction losses were measured in fully- and partially-open butterfly and plug valves, bends and union. Values of loss coefficients (k(f)) were calculated and correlated as functions of the classical Reynolds number and the Reynolds number proposed by Govier and Aziz (1972) for viscoplastic fluids. The two-k method and a new proposed model presented the best adjustments for the Govier and Aziz Reynolds number, and Hedstrom and classical Reynolds numbers, respectively.

On the effects of system parameters on the response of a harmonically excited system consisting of weakly coupled nonlinear and linear oscillators

This paper discusses the dynamic behaviour of a nonlinear two degree-of-freedom system consisting of a harmonically excited linear oscillator weakly connected to a nonlinear attachment having linear and cubic restoring forces. The effects of the system parameters on the shape of the frequency-response curve are investigated, in particular those yielding the appearance and disappearance of outer and inner detached resonance curves. In contrast to the case when the linear stiffness of the attachment is zero, it is found that multivaluedness occurs at low frequencies as the resonant peak bends to the right. It is also found that as the coefficient of the linear term increases, the range of parameters yielding detached curves reduces. Compared to the case when the attached system has no linear stiffness term, this range of parameters corresponds to smaller values of the damping and nonlinear coefficients. Approximate analytical expressions for the jump-up and jump-down frequencies of the system under investigation are also derived. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Group A T-loop for differential moment mechanics: An implant study

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Fatigue apparatus for geometrically complex non-standardized specimens

Standard Test Methods (e.g. ASTM, DIN) for materials characterization in general, and for fatigue in particular, do not contemplate specimens with complex geometries, as well as the combination of axial and in-plane bending loads in their methodologies. The present study refers to some patents and the new configuration or configurations of specimens (non-standardized by the status quo of test methods) and a device developed to induce axial and bending combined forces resultants from axial loads applied by any one test equipment (dynamic or monotonic) which possesses such limitation, towards obtaining more realistic results on the fatigue behavior, or even basic mechanical properties, from geometrically complex structures. Motivated by a specific and geometrically complex aeronautic structure (motor-cradle), non-standardized welded tubular specimens made from AISI 4130 steel were fatigue-tested at room temperature, by using a constant amplitude sinusoidal load of 20 Hz frequency, load ratio R = 0.1 with and without the above referred auxiliary fatigue apparatus. The results showed the fatigue apparatus was efficient for introducing higher stress concentration factor at the welded specimen joints, consequently reducing the fatigue strength when compared to other conditions. From the obtained results it is possible to infer that with small modifications the proposed apparatus will be capable to test a great variety of specimen configurations such as: squared tubes and plates with welded or melted junctions, as well as other materials such as aluminum, titanium, composites, polymeric, plastics, etc. © 2009 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

On the dynamic behaviour of a nonlinear system weakly connected to a linear single degree-of-freedom system

This paper discusses the dynamic behaviour of a nonlinear two degree-of-freedom system consisting of a harmonically excited linear oscillator weakly connected to a nonlinear attachment that behaves as a hardening Duffing oscillator. A system which behaves in this way could be a shaker (linear system) driving a nonlinear isolator. The mass of the nonlinear system is taken to be much less than that in the linear system and thus the nonlinear system has little effect on the dynamics of the linear system. Of particular interest is the situation when the linear natural frequency of the nonlinear system is less than the natural frequency of the linear system such that the frequency response curve of the nonlinear system bends to higher frequencies and thus interacts with the resonance frequency of the linear system. It is shown that for some values of the system parameters a complicated frequency response curve for the nonlinear system can occur; closed detached curves can appear as a part of the overall amplitude-frequency response. The reason why these detached curves appear is presented and approximate analytical expressions for the jump-up and jump-down frequencies of the system under investigation are given.