Doses e horário de aplicação do diquat no controle de Eichhornia crassipes

O aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes) é uma das mais importantes macrófitas aquáticas que colonizam reservatórios e corpos hídricos nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do mundo, causando uma série de interferências no uso múltiplo da água e do corpo hídrico e no controle de vetores de doenças humanas. Para evitar prejuízos econômicos, sociais, estéticos e ao meio ambiente, essas plantas são controladas por vários métodos, incluindo o controle químico com o uso de herbicidas. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do herbicida diquat no controle dessa macrófita aquática, foram instalados dois ensaios em casa de vegetação. No primeiro, foram comparadas duas formulações (Reward® e Reglone®) aplicadas em dois horários (diurno e noturno) e em quatro doses (0,1, 0,2, 0,3 e 0,4 kg ha-1), num esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 4, com seis repetições. Os resultados mostraram que a formulação Reward® foi mais eficiente no controle dessa macrófita, agindo mais rapidamente, sobretudo em menores doses, e que as aplicações realizadas no período noturno apresentavam melhor desempenho no controle em relação às realizadas no período diurno. Assim, um segundo ensaio foi realizado utilizando apenas a formulação Reward®, comparando a aplicação no período noturno e no diurno e as doses de 0,1, 0,2, 0,3 e 0,4 kg ha-1, obedecendo a um esquema fatorial 2 x 4. As plantas de aguapé foram cultivadas em caixas-d'água, e o delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, considerando a posição das caixas dentro da casa de vegetação. Os resultados confirmaram que o diquat é eficiente no controle do aguapé, principalmente nas doses de 0,3 e 0,4 kg ha¹ em aplicações noturnas. Doses baixas e aplicações diurnas não impediram intensas rebrotas das plantas afetadas.

Avaliação de resíduo do herbicida imazethapyr e da interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura da alfafa

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos de campo em área experimental do Departamento de Nutrição Animal e Pastagens da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, com o objetivo de observar resíduos do herbicida imazethapyr na forragem da alfafa e analisar a interferência de plantas daninhas monocotiledôneas e dicotiledôneas. No primeiro experimento, o herbicida foi aplicado nas doses de 0,5 e 1,0 l do p.c./ha, nos estádios de desenvolvimento: início de brotação das gemas basais, estádio vegetativo, ou seja, antes da cobertura total do solo e início do florescimento da alfafa. Foi observado que o herbicida não deixou resíduo nas plantas da alfafa, podendo estas serem consumidas pelos animais, logo após seu tratamento. No segundo experimento, foi estabelecido com base no manejo de cortes da área experimental e na presença de plantas daninhas, quatro tratamentos: 1)corte no verão de 1996, sem a presença de invasoras, 2)corte no inverno de 1996, sem a presença de invasoras, 3)corte no verão de 1997, com predominância de espécies monocotiledôneas, 4)corte no verão de 1997, com predominância de espécies dicotiledôneas. A presença de plantas daninhas reduziu a produção de matéria seca da alfafa. Quanto aos valores de parede celular, observou menores de Hem (5,7) e Lig (5,1) e maior de PB (26,1%) nas plantas colhidas no inverno, devido à maior proporção de folhas.

Aquatic weed automatic classification using machine learning techniques

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Interferência de Brachiaria plantaginea com a cultura do arroz, cv. Primavera

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da interferência de Brachiaria plantaginea, em diferentes densidades e períodos de convivência, nos componentes de produção e produtividade de grãos de arroz. O experimento foi instalado no município de Santo Antônio de Posse - SP em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições, em esquema fatorial 7 x 4. Os tratamentos consistiram de sete períodos de convivência, expressos em dias após a emergência das plântulas (DAE) de B. plantaginea: controle - 0 DAE, 7 DAE, 14 DAE, 21 DAE, 28 DAE, 35 DAE e sem controle das plantas daninhas, combinados com quatro densidades dessas plantas: 1, 5, 25 e 90 plantas m-2. Foi avaliada a produção de massa seca de B. plantaginea, além dos componentes da produção e produtividade de grãos do arroz. O acúmulo de massa seca de B. plantaginea aumentou significativamente em todas as densidades com o aumento do período de convivência. O aumento do período de convivência e da densidade de plantas de B. plantaginea ocasionou redução dos componentes da produção e, consequentemente, da produtividade de grãos de arroz.

Effects of Different Periods of Clomazone plus Hexazinona Permanence in Soil and Sugarcane Mulch before the Occurrence of Rain on Weed Control Efficacy

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of the formulated mixture clomazone and hexazinone applied in soil or combined with sugarcane mulch, after different periods of permanence without the occurrence of rain. The experiment was carried out in vases under greenhouse conditions in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The weeds Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia and Euphorbia heterophylla were sown and covered or not with sugarcane mulch. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized design with four repetitions. The treatments were displaced in a 3x6 factorial scheme, with the factors being six periods without rain (0, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days) and three modes of herbicide application(on the soil without sugarcane mulch, on and under sugarcane mulch). Control evaluations were carried out at 10, 21, 35 and 42 days after the occurrence of rain. The clomazone + hexazinone mixture promoted an excellent weed control for all the species studied when applied on, under, or without sugarcane mulch. However, the control levels tended to reduce for periods over 60 days without rain.

Occurrence of pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patients and the interference of the highly active antiretroviral therapy

From the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, pneumocystis pneumonia ( PCP) has been distinguished as one of the most frequent opportunistic diseases with high morbid-mortality. As from 1996, the advent of the highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART) has changed the characteristics of such epidemic by reducing its related diseases and, as a result, AIDS-related mortality. With the purpose to estimate PCP occurrence and HAART interference, 376 HIV-infected or AIDS patients were studied from January 1992 to December 2002. Among them, 58 ( 15.5%) PCP cases were found. There was a higher occurrence of PCP in the group of patients in which HAART was not used, with 40 ( 69.0%) of the episodes. As regards the studied period, a tendency to a linear reduction in annual PCP incidence was observed. The mean of T CD4+ lymphocytes in the patients with PCP ( 117 cells/mm(3)) was significantly lower when compared to that of the other individuals ( 325 cells/mm(3)). Therefore, this study suggests a temporal reduction in PCP occurrence related to HAART use with higher T CD4+ lymphocyte counts. Nevertheless, this opportunistic infection still shows significant incidence in AIDS patients. ( NCT00516581).

Vaccine immune response and interference of colostral antibodies in calves vaccinated against rabies at 2, 4 and 6 months of age born from antirabies revaccinated females

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Morphological evidences indicate that the interference of cimetidine on the peritubular components is responsible for detachment and apoptosis of Sertoli cells

Cimetidine, referred as antiandrogenic agent, has caused alterations in the seminiferous tubules, including alterations in the peritubular tissue and death of myoid cells by apoptosis. Regarding the structural and functional importance of the peritubular tissue for the maintenance of Sertoli cells (SC), we purpose to investigate the SC-basement membrane interface, focusing the morphological features of SC and their interaction with the basement membrane in the affected tubules by cimetidine. Ten animals were distributed into two groups, control (CG) and cimetidine (CmG) which received saline solution and 50 mg of cimetidine per kg of body weight, respectively, for 52 days. The testes were fixed, dehydrated and embedded for analyses under light and transmission electron microscopy. Paraffin sections were submitted to the TUNEL method; sections of testes embedded in glycol methacrylate were submitted to PAS method and stained by H&E for morphological and quantitative analyses of Sertoli Cells. In the CmG, the SC nuclei were positive to the TUNEL method and showed typical morphological alterations of cell death by apoptosis (from early to advanced stages). A significant reduction in the number of Sertoli Cells was probably due to death of these cells by apoptosis. A close relationship between SC nuclear alterations (including a high frequency of dislocated nuclei from the basal portion) and damage in the peritubular tissue was observed. The ultrastructural analysis showed a parallelism between the gradual advancement of apoptotic process in SC and detachment of the anchoring sites (hemidesmosomes) of SC plasma membrane from the lamina densa. The presence of portions of lamina densa underlying the detached hemidesmosomes indicates a continuous deposition of lamina densa, resulting in the thickening of the basal lamina. The results indicate a possible disarrangement of the SC cytoskeleton, including the focal adhesion structure. These alterations are related to SC apoptosis and probably result from disturbs induced by cimetidine on the peritubular tissue.

Strand Analysis, a free online program for the computational identification of the best RNA interference (RNAi) targets based on Gibbs free energy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aquatic macrophyte distribution in relation to water and sediment conditions in the Itaipu Reservoir, Brazil

Aquatic macrophyte community distribution along the eastern shoreline of the Itaipu Reservoir (one of the South America's largest impoundments) is described in relation to limnological and sedimentological factors. The central body of the reservoir is mesotrophic, while the arms (flooded influent river valleys) along the eastern shore may be oligo-mesotrophic to eutrophic, depending on time of year and sub-catchment characteristics. Macrophyte community composition and species cover were surveyed at 30 sites in four arms, in relation to sediment total P and organic matter; underwater light regime; and water total P and Kjeldahl N concentration, alkalinity, conductivity, depth and pH. Seventeen euhydrophyte and six emergent macrophyte species were recorded. Large stands of Egeria najas dominated the euhydrophyte vegetation, together with free-floating weed species (Pistia stratiotes Linn., Salvinia auriculata Aublet and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.). Canonical Correspondence Analysis of the data showed that two sets of variables were important predictors of aquatic macrophyte community structure. Floating macrophyte assemblage was closely related to concentration of nutrients in both water and sediment, while light penetration was the strongest predictor of submerged species occurrence. Although a large number of potential nuisance species were present, dense growths were restricted to shallower areas of the Itaipu Reservoir, causing localised problems. The possibility of increasing interference by these plants with fisheries, recreational use, transport and hydroelectricity generation suggests a need for continued monitoring of weed distribution and abundance, and investigation of appropriate management measures.

RNA interference inhibits yellow fever virus replication in vitro and in vivo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mean-field model for the interference of matter-waves from a three-dimensional optical trap

Using the mean-field time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation we study the formation of a repulsive Bose-Einstein condensate on a combined optical and harmonic traps in two and three dimensions and subsequent generation of the interference pattern upon the removal of the combined traps as in the experiment by, Greiner et al. [Nature (London 415 (2002) 39]. For optical traps of moderate strength, interference pattern of 27 (9) prominent bright spots is found to be formed in three. (two) dimensions on a cubic (square) lattice in agreement with experiment. Similar interference pattern can also be formed upon removal of the optical lattice trap only. The pattern so formed can oscillate for a long time in the harmonic trap which can be observed experimentally. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Radiation interference from sources rotating around Schwarzschild black holes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Interference of vaccinal antibodies on serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in vaccinated buffalo using two types of commercial vaccines

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)