328 resultados para Soil management.


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Este estudo teve como principal objetivo avaliar os estados de erosão acelerada do solo da microbacia hidrográfica do córrego da Fazenda Glória, Município de Taquaritinga, SP. Para tanto, foram utilizadas técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento para análise em fotografias aéreas verticais, coloridas, na escala aproximada de 1:30.000, do aerolevantamento realizado pela BASE - Aerolevantamentos, dos anos de 1983 e 2000. Os processos erosivos foram identificados nas fotografias aéreas da microbacia hidrográfica e observados nas visitas em campo. Como resultado, o aspecto erosivo predominante na área foi o 3, áreas onde ocorria erosão com intensidade que afetava severamente a cobertura vegetal. O estado de erosão 2, com média intensidade, aumentou durante o período analisado. Este trabalho servirá de base para implementar programas de preservação de recursos naturais e de manejo conservacionista na microbacia.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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A porosidade do solo é de extrema importância à produtividade agrícola, uma vez que, em condições adversas, pode dificultar a penetração das raízes e, consequentemente, limitar o adequado aproveitamento dos nutrientes e da água disponível. Na Fazenda Bonança, em Pereira Barreto - SP, em 2005, foi analisada a produtividade de forragem do milho (MSF), a macroporosidade (MA), a microporosidade (MI) e a porosidade total (PT) de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Acrustox Háplico), sob plantio direto, em três profundidades. O objetivo foi estudar as correlações lineares e espaciais entre os atributos da planta e do solo, na tentativa de selecionar, entre os do solo, um indicador da sua qualidade física de boa representatividade para a produtividade da forragem. Foi instalada a malha geoestatística para a coleta dos dados do solo e da planta, contendo 125 pontos amostrais numa área de 2.500 m². Os atributos estudados apresentaram variabilidade entre baixa e muito alta. Também, seguiram padrões espaciais claramente definidos, com alcances da dependência espacial entre 6,6 e 31,1 m. Apesar da correlação linear simples entre a MSF e a MI na profundidade de 0,10-0,20 m ter sido baixa, foi extremamente significativa. Contudo, do ponto de vista espacial, houve elevada correlação inversa entre tais variáveis. Assim, a MI2 apresentou-se como satisfatório indicador da qualidade física do solo de Pereira Barreto - SP, quando destinado à produtividade de forragem do milho.

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Foi avaliado o desempenho energético da suinocultura integrada à produção de milho em grão em sistema de plantio direto mecanizado. Nesta concepção de integração proposta, os dejetos suínos são utilizados como fertilizantes na produção de milho. O sistema foi delimitado envolvendo as atividades associadas ao manejo dos suínos e de produção do milho (manejo do solo, cultivo e colheita). O período de análise considerado foi de um ano, o que possibilita a produção de três lotes de suínos e duas safras de milho. Para avaliar o desempenho energético, foram criados três indicadores: eficiência energética, eficiência de uso de fontes não renováveis e o custo de energia não renovável para a produção de proteína. As entradas energéticas são compostas pelos insumos e pela infraestrutura, utilizados na criação dos suínos e na produção de milho, e pela radiação solar incidente no agrossistema. Já as saídas são representadas pelos seus produtos (suínos terminados e o milho). Os resultados obtidos nas simulações apontam que a integração melhora o desempenho energético das granjas suinícolas, aumentando a eficiência energética (186%) e a eficiência não renovável (352%), além de reduzir o custo de energia não renovável para a produção de proteína (‑58%).

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Soil tillage may influence CO2 emissions in agricultural systems. Agricultural soils are managed in several ways in Brazil, ranging from no tillage to intensive land preparation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of common soil tillage treatments (disk harrow, reversible disk plow, rotary tiller and chisel plow tillage systems) on the intermediate CO2 emissions of a dark red latosol, located in southern Brazil. Different tillage systems produced significant differences in the CO2 emissions, and the results indicate that the chisel plow produced the highest soil carbon loss during the 15 days period after tillage treatments were performed. Emissions to the atmosphere increased as much as 74 g CO2 m(-2), at the end of a 2-week period, in the plot where the chisel plow treatment was applied, in comparison to the non-disturbed plot. The results indicate that the total increase on the intermediate term soil CO2 emissions due to tillage treatments in southern Brazil is comparable to that reported for the more humid and cooler regions. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V All rights reserved.

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The purpose of this work was to assess the effects of soil preparation methods (with or without subsoiling) on physical properties of a cerrado soil cropped to corn during the, 1986/87 season, in the Selviria county (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Also, the objective of this was to check the changes in the soil (dark red latosol-Acrustox) caused by the preparation after nine years of cultivation in comparison with natural state. The experiment consisted of six soil preparation systems: conventional, superpreparation, reversed, revolving hoe, reduced and no-tillage. Along with these systems subsoiling was also tested. The reversed system showed the best com grain yield. Subsoiling only presented positive results in productivity with the no-tillage system. All the preparation system tested degraded the physical properties in comparison with the natural soil.

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Organic residues may cause major health and environmental problems. This is the case in our study area, where more than 10 billion L per year of residential and industrial waste are produced. Land application of biosolids can be an economical solution by recycling waste and can provide valuable fertilizer if used correctly. The aim of this work was to study the effect of biosolids on the chemical properties of an Oxisol. The experiment was located at Ilha Solteira northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil. The soil was cropped to Sorghum bicolor.The field experimental design consisted of random blocks with six treatments and four replications of each treatment. Biosolids were surface applied to four treatments at rates of 5, 10, 20, and 40 Mg ha(-1) on a dry matter basis; in addition, a treatment with mineral fertilizer and a control were included. One year after biosolids application, soil samples were taken at 0-10, 10-20, and 20-40 cm. Organic matter content (Walkley-Black) and pH (CaCl2) were routinely determined. Cation exchange capacity, exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K), and P were determined by exchange resin extraction. No significant differences in any of the analyzed properties were found below the 20 cm depth. Extractable phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) increased with increasing biosolids rate in the top 20 cm, whereas calcium (Ca) and (Ma) magnesium content were not significantly influenced by biosolids. Soil pH decreased with increasing biosolids application. The sewage sludge application did not influence the sorghum production in the first year of culture, under unfavorable soil moisture conditions, but it influenced the dry matter.

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The study of the spatial variability of soil attributes under different crop helps the study of changes due the management. This research was carried out to determine spatial variability the particle-size distribution, using of the classic statistic and geostatistics, of a soil cultivated with pasture and native vegetation. Soil samples were collected in the layer 0-0.20m, at the crossing points of a regular grid with 10m-intervals, summing up 64 samples points in each area. In the pasture area the fractions of coarse and total sand presented larger mean values in relation to the native vegetation, and negative correlation with the altitude of the points samples in the two areas. All of the fractions presented moderate to high spatial dependence in the two areas and with the defined still, with exception of the fine sand and the silt in the pasture. Much of this variability occurs as a function of water erosion.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Inadequate vegetation and soil management leads to physical changes that affect aquifer recharge. The Araripe Plateau feeds an elevated number of springs on its northern slope; however, there are indications that their yield is decreasing. Through this research, it was studied the infiltration capacity of soils under different types of management. Soil samples from 21 sites were grouped into four groups. Group 1 represents areas of preserved vegetation, the others, anthropized ones. It was observed that soil moisture and infiltration capacity are linearly well correlated with organic matter; mean soil moisture during the dry season was significantly higher for Group 1 than for the other groups, even during the rainy season and anthropized areas show low organic matter contents, soil moisture, and infiltration capacity, indicating modifications in the soil's structure that reduce aquifer recharge.

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Organic carbon is a major component of soil organic matter and its stock is influenced by the management system adopted. This study aimed to examine the effects of cropping systems and nutrient sources (mineral and organic) on the concentrations and storage of soil organic carbon in no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out in Mercedes, Parana, Brazil, in an Nitossolo Vermelho (Alfisol) from October 2007 to September 2009. The treatments consisted of four crop succession systems: (1) soybean/wheat/corn/wheat; (2) soybean/black oat/corn/black oat, (3) soybean/radish/corn/radish and (4) soybean/common vetch/corn/common vetch and by two sources of nutrients (mineral and organic), arranged in a to split plot randomized block design with four replications. Soil samples were collected in layers of 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20 to 0.40 m deep in the first and the second years of cultivation. Different cropping systems does not affect the content and the stock of soil organic carbon in the first two years of adoption of the systems. The organic fertilization with manure increased soil organic carbon stock, with an annual contribution of C, layer 0.0 to 0.20 m, 1.15 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1). Cropping systems fertilized with mineral fertilizers provide the greatest losses of soil organic carbon, resulting in negative balance of C in soil.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)