Aporte de energia, composição e eficiência microbiana em bovinos alimentados com feno de capim-marandu e concentrado balanceados para diferentes ganhos de peso e potenciais de fermentação microbiana

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o aporte de energia, a composição de bactérias e a eficiência microbiana por tourinhos Santa Gertrudes canulados no rúmen e no duodeno alimentados com dietas compostas de feno de capim-marandu e concentrado. Empregou-se o delineamento em quadrado latino 4 ´ 4, no qual os tratamentos foram concentrados ajustados para ganho de peso corporal (GPC) diário de 0,5 e 1 kg/animal e potencial de fermentação microbiana (y) de 9,5 e 11 g de PB microbiana/MJ energia metabolizável fermentável. Houve diferença para as concentrações de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e energia metabolizável fermentável (EMFe) ingeridos e para a composição em matéria orgânica e mineral das bactérias ruminais para as dietas ajustadas para diferentes GPC. Houve interação significativa GPC ´ y para a ingestão de NDT como porcentagem do peso corporal e a composição em PB e carboidratos totais das bactérias ruminais. Não foram encontradas diferenças para os potenciais de fermentação microbiana. A eficiência de síntese microbiana também não diferiu entre as dietas e apresentou valores de 12,7 g PB microbiana/100 g NDT e 9,2 g PB microbiana/MJ EMFe. As diferenças encontradas não justificaram o balanceamento dos concentrados para os diferentes potenciais de fermentação microbiana avaliados.

Steinernema brazilense n. sp (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Mato Grosso, Brazil

A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema brazilense n. sp., was isolated from a single soil sample collected from a natural forest in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. S. brazilense n. sp. is characterized morphologically by features of infective juveniles (IJ), males and females. For the IJ, body length averaging 1157 (1023-1284) mu m, distance from anterior end to excretory pore 95 (87-102) mu m, from anterior end to end of esophagus 148 (139-153) mu m, tail length 85 (80-104) mu m, D% and E% values 63 (58-70) and 106 (95-118.0), respectively. Lateral field pattern variable; the formula for the arrangement of ridges from head to tail is: 2, 4, 6, 8, 6, 2. For the male, the diagnostic characters include spicule averaging 83 (75-89) mu m; D% about 65; the ratio SW% about 192. The length of spicule head is greater than width. Lateral field with one narrow ridge. First generation females are characterized by the presence of a ventral postanal swelling. S. brazilense n. sp. is morphologically close to Steinernema diaprepesi. It can be differentiated from S. diaprepesi by its longer IJ body length (1157 vs 1002 mu m), longer distance from anterior end to excretory pore (1110 vs 75 mu m), a longer tail length (103 vs 83 mu m); males of the new species with longer spicule (83 vs 79 mu m). The new species can be distinguished further from other members of Steinernema glaseri group by characteristics of rDNA of ITS and D2D3 regions. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Estudo morfométrico comparativo de populações de Rotylenchulus reniformis (Nemata: Rotylenchulinae) do Brasil

Quarenta e oito populações de Rotylenchulus reniformis foram recuperadas de amostras de solo e raízes de diferentes culturas e inoculadas em diferentes plantas hospedeiras, mantidas em microparcelas no Departamento de Fitossanidade da UNESP/FCAV, Campus de Jaboticabal, São Paulo. Os sintomas da doença causada pelo nematóide em algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum), no campo, foram documentados, bem como o hábito de parasitismo do nematóide em raízes de algodão e de mamoeiro (Carica papaya), utilizando-se de coloração in situ do nematóide com fuccina ácida. Efetuou-se a comparação morfológica de todas as populações, ao microscópio óptico composto, em montagens temporárias e, de algumas, ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Para as observações ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura, fêmeas adultas presas às raízes foram fixadas em glutaraldeído e pós-fixadas em tetróxido de ósmio, desidratadas em álcool etílico, secas em secador de ponto crítico, montadas, recobertas com 35 nm de ouro, observadas e elétromicrografadas em 15 kV. Os dados obtidos confirmam que R. reniformis é a única espécie do gênero distribuída nos agroecossistemas brasileiros e que a amplitude de variação de caracteres morfométricos em populações brasileiras desse nematóide, tais como comprimento do estilete, V % e forma da cauda, é maior que em populações da mesma espécie de outras regiões do mundo. Foram ilustradas fêmeas jovens de R. reniformis com a cauda bifurcada, e esse detalhe da morfologia do nematóide ainda não havia sido relatado.

Induction of the acrosome reaction test to in vitro estimate embryo production in Nelore cattle

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso do diluente água de coco em pó (ACP-103®) na conservação prolongada do sêmen do varrão: avaliação in vitro e in vivo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Effect of sequence of insemination after simultaneous thawing of multiple semen straws on conception rate to timed AI in suckled multiparous Nelore cows

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Chromatin and morphometry alterations of bovine sperm head after Percoll (TM) density gradient centrifugation

The aim of this work was to assess the morphometry and chromatin integrity of bovine sperm head after a three layers discontinuous Percoll (TM) density gradient centrifugation. Frozen semen doses were obtained from six bulls of different breeds, including three taurine and three Zebu animals. Three ejaculates per bull were evaluated. The semen doses were thawed and two smears were made from each sample before (control) and after the Percoll (TM) centrifugation (Percoll (TM) group). The smears were stained with toluidine blue and grayscale digital images were captured and processed in Scilab environment software. It was observed that chromatin heterogeneity was reduced (P<0.05) and chromatin decondensation was increased (P<0.05) after the Percollm treatment utilized. In addition, it was observed that sperm head length was higher (P<0.05) and the side symmetry was lower (P<0.05) in centrifuged sperm cells. When analyzed separately by subspecies, it was observed that the decrease (P<0.05) in chromatin heterogeneity and the increase (P<0.05) in chromatin decondensation occurred in Zebu sperm heads. In addition, the length and the width:length ratio of sperm heads was affected by Percoll (TM) centrifugation in Zebu semen. In conclusion, the three layers discontinuous Percoll (TM) centrifugation increased the chromatin decondensation and the morphometric alterations of frozen-thawed bovine semen. However, the real implication of these findings in fertility rates of centrifuged sperm must be investigated. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation on the quality of bovine spermatozoa evaluated with computer-assisted semen analysis and fluorescent probes association

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of bovine frozen-thawed sperm cells after Percoll gradient centrifugation. Frozen semen doses were obtained from six bulls of different breeds, including three taurine and three Zebu animals. Four ejaculates per bull were evaluated before and after discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation. Sperm motility was assessed by computer-assisted semen analysis and the integrity of the plasma and acrosomal membranes, as well as mitochondrial function, were evaluated using a combination of fluorescent probes propidium iodide, fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin and 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide. The procedure of Percoll gradient centrifugation increased the percentage of total and progressive sperm motility, beat frequency, rectilinear motility, linearity and rapidly moving cells. In addition, the percentage of cells with intact plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane potential was increased in post-centrifugation samples. However, the percentage of sperm cells with intact acrosomal membrane was markedly reduced. The method used selected the motile cells with intact plasma membrane and higher mitochondrial functionality in frozen-thawed bull semen, but processing, centrifugation and/or the Percoll medium caused damage to the acrosomal membrane.

Polimorfismo da transferrina e albumina e as associações com precocidade sexual em bovinos da raça Nelore doadores de sêmen

O presente estudo utilizou 16 animais Bos taurus indicus da raça Nelore doadores de sêmen. Estes animais foram divididos em grupos de acordo com a idade em que o sêmen congelou pela primeira vez. O grupo I, considerado precoce, apresentou animais com sêmen passível de congelação com idade inferior a 20 meses. O grupo II, composto por animais que tiveram o sêmen congelado com idade entre 21 e 26 meses. E o grupo III, tido como tardio, composto por animais com sêmen congelável com idade superior a 27 meses. Para análise dos padrões eletroforéticos da transferrina e albumina, amostras de sangue foram colhidas em tubos heparinizados e submetidos a centrifugação de 2.500 G por 15 minutos para separação do plasma sangüíneo. As amostras de plasma sangüíneo foram processadas para que a corrida eletroforética em gel de poliacrilamida pudesse ser realizada. Para a coloração do gel, usou-se Coomasie Brilliant Blue. Após análise dos padrões eletroforéticos da transferrina e albumina, observou-se que não houve relação detectável entre os fenótipos da albumina e precocidade sexual de touros doadores. Entretanto, em relação à transferrina, foi possível sugerir uma associação entre o alelo TfD com touros portadores de sêmen congelável precocemente ou medianamente em termos de idade à congelação.

Efeito da idade do touro e do período de colheita de sêmen sobre as características físicas e morfológicas do sêmen de bovinos de raças européias e zebuínas

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da idade de touros europeus e zebuínos e do período de colheita do sêmen sobre as características físicas e morfológicas do sêmen desses animais produzido em uma central de inseminação no período de 1993 a 1999. Os dados de produção de sêmen dos touros foram agrupados em cinco classes de idade (12 a 36 meses, 37 a 60 meses, 61 a 84 meses, 85 a 108 meses e 109 a 142 meses) e quatro períodos de colheita (período 1: dezembro a fevereiro; período 2: março a maio; período 3: junho a agosto e período 4: setembro a novembro). As classes de idade determinaram diferenças significativas no volume, turbilhonamento espermático, nas anormalidades primárias, secundárias, terciárias e totais, na integridade de acrossoma e na quantidade média de doses por ejaculado, cujos valores foram maiores nos zebuínos no período 4 (setembro a outubro). As maiores porcentagens de anormalidades totais, nas duas subespécies, foram observadas nos animais mais jovens (12 a 36 meses) e nos mais velhos (109 e 142 meses). Os zebuínos mais velhos produziram sêmen mais concentrado e maiores quantidades médias de doses por ejaculado. em touros europeus, o sêmen menos concentrado e as maiores porcentagens de anormalidades espermáticas foram observadas no período 1 (dezembro a fevereiro), consequentemente, menores quantidades de doses de sêmen por ejaculado foram produzidas por essa subespécie, o que pode ter sido um efeito do estresse calórico sofrido por estes animais antes da colheita de sêmen. A idade e o período de colheita influenciam na qualidade do sêmen de touros doadores mantidos em regime de colheita para comercialização.

Sexagem de espermatozoides bovinos por centrifugação em gradiente descontínuo de densidade de Percoll

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Alterações do padrão ultrassonográfico do parênquima testicular em bovinos jovens da raça Nelore

The ultrasononographic examination of testicles is a noninvasive and rapid method that, allied to clinical examination, can lead to an early diagnostic of testicles disorders. The aim of the present study is to enhance andrologic evaluation and to make public altered ultrasonographic testicular parenchyma pattern in young Nelore bulls. Testes of 114 Nelore bulls from 9 to 15 months old were submitted to ultrasonographic evaluation (Frontal and transverse planes of testes). In this group, 111 animals presented testicular parenchyma with uniform pattern at low echogenicity, and the testicular echogenicity increased in proportion to the animal's age. Three animals, from 9 to 15 months old, presented heterogeneous testicular parenchyma with multiple hyperechoics

Efeito da idade sobre as principais características andrológicas de touros Brangus- Efeito da idade sobre as principais características andrológicas de touros BrangusIbagé criados extensivamente no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul - Brasil Ibagé criados extensivamente no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul - Brasil

Background: Bull fertility is extremely important for beef cattle production systems and has a multiplier impact on the economical and zootechnical indexes of the herd. Bulls raised in tropical conditions may present varied seminal characteristics due to, among other causes, different management practices and quality of pastures. Another factor that influences the semen characteristics is the age of the sire. The reproductive potential of bull evaluated through the andrological exam aims to ensure the semen quality and to improve the herd reproductive efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the main semen parameters of Brangus-Ibage bulls extensively reared in eastern Mato Grosso do Sul state and to verify the effect of age on the andrological characteristics analyzed. It was also evaluated the correlation between age, scrotal circumference, and physical and morphological sperm characteristics produced by the Brangus bulls.Materials, Methods & Results: The study took place in the month of July 2010, during the routine andrological examination of 168 synthetic Brangus-Ibage bulls (5/8 Angus x 3/8 Nelore), belonging to the same property. For data analysis the animals were divided by age groups: animals younger than 4 years (Age I), animals between 4 and 8 years of age (Age II), and animals between 8 and 15 years of age (Age III). In another analysis, the animals were grouped according to the sperm motility pattern obtained from the semen collection: sperm motility lower than 40% (Motility I), sperm motility between 40 and 70% (Motility II) and sperm motility between 70 and 90% (Motility III). The results of the present study demonstrated an effect of age (P < 0.05) on the following androgical characteristics: scrotal circumference, ejaculate volume, sperm vigor, major defects, minor defects and total defects. It was also observed that the animals with higher sperm motility presented higher (P < 0.05) scrotal circumference, and lower (P < 0.05) percentages of major and total defects. Among the andrological characteristics evaluated in the present work, it was observed positive correlations between age and scrotal circumference (R =0.299; P =0.000), age and volume of ejaculate (R =0.161; P =0.037), age and major defects (R =0.188; P =0.015), sperm motility and scrotal circumference (R =0.245; P =0.001), sperm motility and sperm vigor (R =0.483; P =0.000), and between major defects and total defects (R =0.946; P =0.000). Also, negative correlations were observed between sperm motility and total defects (R =-0.372; P =0.000), sperm vigor and major defects (R =-0.498; P =0.000), and sperm vigor and total defects (R =-0.432; P =0.000).Discussion: Based on the results of this study it was concluded that the Brangus-Ibage bulls utilized for natural breeding in eastern Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, presented satisfactory semen quality taking into account the quality of the pastures where the animals were located. In addition, the scrotal circumference, the ejaculate volume, the sperm vigor, and the percentage of morphological characteristics were influenced by the age of the bulls. Therefore, considering the production system and the environmental conditions, the animals with age between 4 and 8 years were superior regarding the sperm parameters evaluated.

Transmission electron microscopy for characterization of acrosomal damage after Percoll gradient centrifugation of cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa

The objective of this study was to characterize acrosomal ultrastructure following discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation of cryopreserved bovine sperm. Semen was collected from six bulls of different breeds and three ejaculates per bull were evaluated. Frozen semen samples were thawed and the acrosomal region of sperm cells was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) before (n = 18) and after (n = 18) Percoll centrifugation. The evaluation of 20 sperm heads from each of the 36 samples analyzed ensured that a large number of cells were investigated. The data were subjected to analysis of variance at a level of significance of 5%. Percoll centrifugation reduced the percentage of sperm exhibiting normal acrosomes (from 61.77 to 30.24%), reduced the percentage of sperm presenting atypical acrosome reactions (from 28.38 to 4.84%) and increased the percentage of sperm exhibiting damage in the acrosome (from 6.14 to 64.26%). The percentage of sperm with typical acrosome reactions was not significantly different before (3.70%) and after (0.67%) centrifugation. TEM distinguished four different types of acrosomal status and enabled ultrastructural characterization of acrosomal injuries. The percentage of sperm exhibiting normal acrosomes decreased and damage in the acrosome was the most frequent acrosomal injury with the Percoll gradient centrifugation protocol utilized.

Assessment of field fertility and several in vitro sperm characteristics following the use of different Angus sires in a timed-AI program with suckled Nelore cows

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)