Orange and mango byproducts: agro-industrial waste as source of bioactive compounds and botanical versus commercial description: a review

Vegetal origin agro-industrial wastes are seen as a problem since the beginning of the industrial processes; however, they are becoming attractive as raw material for numerous purposes such as active enzymes and in the molecule bioprospecting area. Moreover, it is difficult to understand what the studied residue is consisted of in studies on agro-industrial waste, since the wastes names and constituents may vary according to the used equipment, as for waste from orange and mango processing. Thus, defining a specific waste, including comparisons between botanical and industrial descriptions, can help in understanding studies about wastes. The current review sought to contextualize such a scenario by gathering definitions, relevant information and studies on agro-industrial wastes and by-products, international enzymes market, and recent studies on bioactive compounds. In this context, waste from orange and mango are interesting because of the expression of these fruits on the world market; moreover, the processing does not include steps that could disrupt these biomolecules.

Cultivation and bromatological analysis of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst cultivated in agricultural waste

The objective of the study was to evaluate the production of two strains of Ganoderma lucidum on agricultural waste and carry out bromatological analyses of the basidiomata obtained from the cultivation. The experiment was carried out at the Mushroom Module at the School of Agronomic Sciences of the São Paulo State University (FCA/UNESP - Botucatu, SP, Brazil) and two strains were used (GLM-09/01 and GLM-10/02) which were cultivated on waste, oat straw, bean straw, brachiaria grass straw, Tifton grass straw and eucalyptus sawdust under two situations: with (20%) and without (0%) supplementation with wheat bran. All the waste was taken from dumps of agricultural activities in Botucatu-SP. Both treatments were carried out in 10 repetitions, totaling 200 packages. The mushrooms cultivation took 90 days. Next, the biological efficiency of the treatments and the bromatological analysis of the basidiomata were evaluated. The biological efficiency (BE) values (%) varied from 0.0 to 6.7%. In the mushroom bromatological analyses, the results ranged from 8.7 to 13.7%, from 2.0 to 6.7%, from 0.83 to 1.79% and from 38.8 to 54.5%, for total protein, ethereal extract, ash and crude fiber, respectively. Thus, we conclude that the substrates which presented the greater yield were the brachiaria straw, 20% in both strains tested (GLM-09/01 and GLM-10/02) and the bean straw, 20% in the strain GLM-10/02. The mushrooms showed high levels of ethereal extract, fibers and ashes and a low level of proteins.