Phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon contents of macrophytes in lakes lateral to a tropical river (Paranapanema River, São Paulo, Brazil)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Adubação nitrogenada na cultura do milho safrinha

Pesquisas com a cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) plantado em época normal, em solos argilosos de regiões tropicais, sugerem que as perdas de N do solo pela lixiviação não são significativas. A persistência da forma amoniacal nos solos tropicais tem sido maior que se supunha e, fisiologicamente, foi demonstrado que a absorção de N é mais intensa nos estádios iniciais das plantas. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do manejo do fertilizante nitrogenado na cultura do milho plantado na época denominada safrinha, foram plantados, em 3 de fevereiro de 1999, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, textura argilosa, em Jaboticabal, SP, dois híbridos de milho (o simples, C333B e o duplo, C444). Foram aplicados 0, 30, 60 e 90 kg/ha de N (uréia), em duas épocas: no plantio e após a emergência, quando as plantas atingiram cinco a seis folhas. A colheita foi efetuada em 7 de julho de 1999, quando foram avaliadas as características agronômicas e o teor de nutrientes nas folhas. em relação à época extemporânea, não houve efeito das doses nem da forma de aplicação do N, nas características de rendimento de grãos, massa de mil grãos, índice de colheita, altura das plantas e espigas, número de fileiras de grãos por espiga e número de grãos. Os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S e Zn, determinados nas folhas do milho, não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, pois os valores permaneceram dentro das faixas de teores tidos como adequados.

Aplicação de enxofre em cobertura no feijoeiro em sistema de plantio direto

Em lavouras de feijão, principalmente em cultivos com alta tecnologia, não tem sido dada a devida atenção ao fornecimento adequado de enxofre (S), utilizando doses subestimadas ou não aplicando o elemento via adubação, o que pode estar sendo um fator limitante ao incremento de produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da aplicação de S em cobertura na nutrição, nos componentes da produção e na produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro, em sistema de plantio direto (SPD). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco doses de S (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 kg ha-1) aplicados em cobertura no estádio V4, tendo como fonte o sulfato de amônio. Aplicação de S em cobertura aumentou o teor do elemento nas folhas, a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea, o número vagens por planta e a produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro em SPD. em lavouras com alto nível tecnológico, a produtividade de grãos de feijão pode estar sendo limitado pela utilização de doses insuficientes de enxofre.

Produtos de acerola: estudo da estabilidade de vitamina C

A acerola é um fruto altamente perecível e que contém altos teores de vitamina C, sendo este o seu principal atrativo em termos nutricionais. A atual legislação brasileira prevê uma variação de, no máximo, 20% do teor dos nutrientes especificados no rótulo. Devido a essa exigência seria importante que os fabricantes considerassem tanto o teor inicial de vitamina C quanto a perda ao longo da armazenagem dos produtos de acerola. Neste trabalho, foi feito o acompanhamento da estabilidade da vitamina C em polpa pasteurizada e acerola in natura congeladas, ambas armazenadas a -12ºC e -18ºC, e em suco de acerola pasteurizado engarrafado, mantido a temperatura ambiente, ao longo de 4 meses de armazenagem. As polpas congeladas não apresentaram degradação significativa durante este período, já as in natura apresentaram cinética de degradação de 1ª ordem e o suco de ordem zero. Após 4 meses de armazenagem as acerolas armazenadas a -12ºC e -18ºC apresentaram teores de 869±12 e 1.223±148 mg vit.C/100g, representando uma perda de 43% e 19%, respectivamente, em relação ao teor inicial. Polpas a -12ºC e -18ºC apresentaram teores de 1.314±6 e 1.322±2 mg vit.C/100g, respectivamente, representando uma perda de, aproximadamente, 3% e o suco apresentou uma perda de 32%, correspondendo a um teor final de 673±17mg vit.C/100g.

Net energy, protein and macrominerals requirements for 70 to 120 day old female rabbits

In order to determine the net energy, protein and macrominerals requirements of 70 to 120 day old, 52 female White New Zealand rabbits, weighing 1900g +/- 40g were used. At the beginning of the experimental period, 14 of the 52 young does were slaughtered and the 38 remaining animals were kept under two dietary management: ad libitum and restricted feeding. Slaughters were performed to determine each nutrient body content. The weight gain nutrient requirements depicted by the quantities of each nutrient stored into the body were obtained by applying the regression equation, which estimate the empty body nutrient content logarithm as a function of the empty body weight logarithm, as described by ARC (1980). By determining the heat production logarithm at the zero level of metabolizable energy intake, the maintenance net energy requirement was estimated to be 45.31 Kcal/day/Kg(0.75) the mean net energy. protein, calcium, phosphorous, sodium, magnesium and potassium requirements for each gram of weight gain per day were estimated to be, 2.51 Kcal, 0.21g, 0.02g, 0.005g, 0.001g, 0.0004g and 0.002g, respectively.

The adverse effect of a high energy dense diet on cardiac tissue

Purpose: To determine whether a high energy dense diet intake increases oxidative stress and alters antioxidant enzymes in cardiac tissue. Design: A randomized, controlled study. Ninety-day-old female rats were randomly divided into two groups: one fed with a low energy dense diet (LE; 3.0 kcal g-1) and one with a high energy dense diet (HE; 4.5 kcal g-1). Materials and Methods: After 8 weeks of treatment, the animals were fasted overnight and sacrificed by decapitation. The serum was used for glucose, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol determinations. The glycogen, lipoperoxide, lipid hydroperoxide, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, total and non-protein sulphhydryl groups were determined in cardiac tissue. Results: HE decreased the myocardial glycogen content and increased the lactate dehydrogenase/citrate synthase ratio, indicating an increased glycolytic pathway and a shift from myocardial aerobic metabolism. HE-treated female rats showed increased lipoperoxide and hydroperoxide levels in cardiac tissue. Although no alterations were observed in the total sulphhydryl group and superoxide dismutase activities, glutathione peroxidase and the non-protein sulphhydryl group were significantly decreased in HE-treated animals. Conclusions: Although no alterations were observed in energy intake, HE induced an increased intake of fat and carbohydrate and an increased rate of weight gain. HE intake induced alterations in markers of oxidative stress in cardiac tissue. Hydrogen peroxide is an important toxic intermediate in the development of cardiac oxidative stress by HE. The specific nutrient content, such as fat and carbohydrate, rather than caloric intake, appears to be the main process inducing oxidative stress in HE-treated female rats.

Potassium leaching from millet straw as affected by rainfall and potassium rates

Pearl millet (Penisetum glaucum) is an interesting species to be used as cover crop in tropical areas, showing a high ability in potassium uptake. Potassium (K) is not linked to organic compounds in the plant, and can easily be released from decaying straw becoming available for subsequent crops. This experiment evaluated K leaching from millet straw grown under potassium rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg dm-3), and submitted to five levels of simulated rain (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mm). Plants were grown in soil filled pots in a greenhouse. On the 50th day after emergence, the plants were desiccated with glyphosate. Artificial rain was applied over the straw. Potassium deficiency speeds up millet dehydration after herbicide application and increases lightly rain water retention in the straw. The amount of K leached right after plant desiccation is correlated with the residue nutrient content and can be as high as 64 kg ha-1 considering a mulch of 8 t ha -1. Although well-nourished millet plants release considerable amounts of K with the first rains, a large percentage of the nutrient is still retained in the straw. Copyright © Taylor & Francis, Inc.

Avaliação dos teores nutricionais em laranjeira 'Valência', sob fertirrigação

This work aimed to compare fertigation to conventional fertilization in a five-year-old 'Valência' orange orchard, irrigated by microsprinklers. The conventional fertilization, using the recommended dosage for the crop, was parceled out in three during the year. In the fertigation treatments a complete dose, 1/2 and 1/3 of the conventional fertilization dose, parceled out in ten in a year, were used. Trunk circumference and leaf volume, leaf chlorophyll content and fruit yield and quality were measured. For the first year, significant differences among the treatments for the evaluated parameters were not observed; however, it was noticed that fertigation treatments caused less nutritional unbalance, obtained by DRIS. The fertigation treatment using half dosage showed the best result regarding to fruit yield and quality.

Doses de Nitrogênio na Produção de rabanete fertirrigado e determinação de clorofila por medidor portátil nas folhas

The relative chlorophyll determination is used to predict the need for nitrogen fertilization aiming to increase production in various cultures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil nitrogen dose response added to the soil via fertigation in radish production and the relation between chlorophyll and cultivar Redondo Vermelho leaf nitrogen content. Transverse diameter of root, leaf area, green index, leaf N contents, shoots (stem) production, number of commercial and noncommercial roots, and the total commercial mass roots were evaluated. The N doses didn't interfere in the radish production and the readings taken with portable chlorophyll meter are not very accurate in ascertaining the level of N on radish plant growth.

Utilização de componentes principais para analisar o comportamento do cafeeiro a pleno sol e sombreado

The aim of this work is to describe the behavior of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) grown for nine years under organic management systems in full sun and shaded by banana trees (Musa sp.) and Erythrina verna Vell., in Valença, RJ. We performed a joint evaluation of vegetative characteristics, nutritional content and yield, with the aid of a principal component analysis. Twelve treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications in a split plot. The plots evaluated farming systems in full sun and shade, and the subplots consisted of the following varieties of coffee: Tupi IAC 1669-33, MG 6851, IAC 3282 Icatu, Catucaí 2SL, Obatã IAC 1669-20; lineage IAC IAC 144. After five years we assessed the following variables, height, stem and canopy diameter, leaf area, number of branches, number of nodes per branch, number of leaves present, the distance between nodes, the percentage of green,ripe and dried fruit, number of dead plants, number of plants with death of the apical bud, coffee yield, and foliar concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. A multivariate analysis efficiently discriminates the variables in full sun and shaded cropping systems. Shading increases the percentage of green fruit, leaf area, height, diameter, distance between nodes, number of leaves on the branches, number of branches and leaf N content, but does not reduce the level of productivity when the shade is adequate.

Determinação da massa seca, teor de nutrientes e cobertura do solo de espécies semeadas no outono-inverno

Culture options for the autumn-winter season are a major problem for production systems under low rainfall. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the sowing season on dry matter yield, nutrient content of the shoot and soil covering percentage of coverage plants on the soil on the intercrop: grain sorghum, rattlepods, pearl millet brachiaria grass and an area with weeds (fallow). The experiment was conducted under field conditions on an Oxisol (Haplustox), clay texture, in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block design with eight replications, two sowing seasons and five coverage treatments. When the sorghum culture of the first sowing season reached the harvest stage, the dry matter yield on the other treatments was evaluated. Results showed that sowing in March results in higher dry mass yield and higher soil coverage percentage in the studied species. In the first sowing season, Brachiaria brizantha presents higher dry matter yield and macronutrients extraction.

Omissão de macronutrientes na nutrição e no crescimento da cana-de-açúcar cultivada em solução nutritiva

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Resposta de cultivares de trigo ao nitrogênio com e sem tratamento fúngico

The fungicide can enhance response of nitrogen fertilization on wheat crop, since the application of higher N rates can provide better conditions for the development of some diseases. The present study investigated the effects of different nitrogen doses and fungicide application in preventive character on the yield of two cultivars of wheat irrigated, in Savannah conditions. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria - MS, in a Distrophic Red Latosol (Typic Haplustox). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design, in a 4x2x2 factorial scheme: four N rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), topdressing at the early boot stage as urea, two wheat cultivars (IAC 24 and IAC 370), and with and without fungicide application (Tebuconazole and Triciclazol), with four replications. The cultivars IAC 24 and IAC 370 present similar grain yield. The increase of N doses influences the mass hectoliter negatively and the leaf N content and number of ears per m2 positively. The increment of N doses increase the grain yield up to dose of 116 kg ha -1 of N, regardless of cultivar and of the fungicide application in preventive character, due to non occurrence of diseases in the experiment.

Piscicultura e manejo da qualidade da água

Fish farms' water quality management is analyzed with regard to the management employed and the different trophic states are compared within the system during the dry and rainy seasons. Six sites were marked two in the water supply (P1 and P2), and four within the fish farm (P3 to P6). Whereas sites P1 and P2 (water supply) were characterized as oligotrophic, the others were mesotrophic and eutrotrophic sites. Environmental variables, mainly nutrients, conductivity, COD, BOD5 and TSS tended to increase as from P3 due to management and fertilization. Greater impact has been registered in the fish farm under analysis for variables COD, ammonia, total phosphorus and TSS during the discharge and pond emptying period. Frequent monitoring of water quality should be undertaken in fish breeding and plankton production ponds, especially in those close to P3 and P4. Removal of sediment in decantation lake or P5 is also recommended to decrease nutrient concentrations, especially phosphorus, accumulated on the bottom soil.

Intercropping time of corn and palisadegrass or guineagrass affecting grain yield and forage production

Intercropping corn (Zea mays L.) with forages, such as palisadegrass {Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. rich.) r. D. Webster [syn. Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. rich.) Stapf]} or guineagrass [Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B. K. Simon & S. W. L. Jacobs (syn. Panicum maximum Jacq.)], provides large amounts of biomass for use as straw in no-tillage systems or as pasture. However, it is important to evaluate what time these forages have to be sown into corn systems to avoid reductions in both corn and forage production. This study, conducted for three growing seasons at Botucatu, Brazil, evaluated nutrient concentration and yield of corn as affected by time of forage intercropped as well as forage's dry matter production. our data showed that intercropping systems did not reduce leaf nutrient concentrations and grain yield of corn in relation to sole corn. The simultaneous intercropping of corn and guineagrass resulted in the lowest plant population (51, 200 plant ha-1), number of ears per plant (1.0), and, consequently, the lowest corn grain yield (9801 kg ha-1). Guineagrass seeded at the time of corn fertilizer topdressing resulted in the highest plant population (59, 400 plants ha-1), number of ears per plant (1.2), and corn grain yield (12, 077 kg ha-1). Forage production was highest when intercrop was done simultaneously. palisadegrass could be intercropped with corn both simultaneously or at topdressing fertilization stage. In contrast, it is recommended that guineagrass should only be intercropped with corn at topdressingfertilization. © Crop Science Society of America.