Desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle para avaliação de fontes de energias renováveis no bombeamento de água

The use of alternative energy systems in the current days is an urgent necessity due to the problems that the planet is facing as the heating and loss of ozone layer. The scarcity of conventional energy is another problem that must be solved for the future of humanity. It must be considered that the people are inhabiting places moved away not always with available energy. The application of technologies as automation and control can help us to solve this problem. Therefore, this work aimed at apply an equipment of industrial usage, the Programmable Logical Controller, PLC, in alternative energies systems, as eolic generation and fotovoltaic generation used for water pumping, aiming the automatic control and the efficiency in the places where it has simultaneous availability of these sources, based in criterion of priority that previously established itself between them. It was made a hydraulic and energetic evaluation of the energy system, eolic and fotovoltaic, used in the automatic control system of pumping, in the place of accomplishment of the experiment, according to previously established physical conditions. The results have shown that the control system using the PLC is practicable and has trustworthiness. The program developed can be adapted for the use with several power plants in a specific application place. The fotovoltaic system of pumping, using a polycrystalline of 70 Watts connected to a pump Shurflo 8000, showed to be efficient with significant flows in almost all the months. The eolic system of pumping, using an eolic generator of 400 Watts assembled in place of experiment, did not demonstrate energetic capacity for use in this specific type of application.

Aplicação da teoria fuzzy no controle de sistemas de geração de energias alternativas

This paper presents the application and use of a methodology based on fuzzy theory and simulates its use in intelligent control of a hybrid system for generating electricity, using solar energy, photovoltaic and wind. When using a fuzzy control system, it reached the point of maximum generation of energy, thus shifting all energy generated from the alternative sources-solar photovoltaic and wind, cargo and / or batteries when its use not immediately. The model uses three variables used for entry, which are: wind speed, solar radiation and loading the bank of batteries. For output variable has to choose which of the batteries of the battery bank is charged. For the simulations of this work is used MATLAB software. In this environment mathematical computational are analyzed and simulated all mathematical modeling, rules and other variables in the system described fuzzy. This model can be used in a system of control of hybrid systems for generating energy, providing the best use of energy sources, sun and wind, so we can extract the maximum energy possible these alternative sources without any prejudice to the environment.

Produção de amilases de Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus e hidrólise enzimática do bagaço de mandioca visando a produção de etanol por Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Ciclo de cogeração a partir de resíduos de poda de árvores na cidade de Guaratinguetá

The current socio-economic situation has brought a need to look for alternative ways to get energy that allow reducing the high dependence on fossil fuel sources while deflect from the climate change arising from the result of the use of these energy resources. Renewable sources of energy, low and medium temperature appear as high potential of energy resources, which have a major influence on the way of life of the people to enable decentralized energy production. In Brazil, in particular, have also the need to decentralize the energy grid, currently focused on energy from water source. The current water crisis, exemplifies the urgency of betting on other energy sources, as a way to help in emergency situations such as the current one. Therefore, this study evaluates the possibility of using biomass as a heat source in a Rankine Cycle Organic where instead of water; it uses thermal fluid as working fluid, was compared the urban areas of the city of Guaratinguetá with the urban area of the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Thus, it was established two scenarios, so it was possible to establish the cycle to be used

Utilização de painéis solares fotovoltaicos no segmento residencial

In order to diversify the global and national energy matrix and reduce harmful impacts on the environment caused by the emission of polluting gases into the atmosphere, the use of clean and renewable energy sources is presented as a good alternative. This work discusses the use of photovoltaic solar energy, a source that presents such characteristics. The photovoltaic system under study is the type distributed connected to the grid, in the residential segment. It is informed of its use in the global and national levels. They are also present their characteristics, electrical and electronic circuits that make up the equipment required for its operation and the design of a system to be installed in a residence

Estudo de viabilidade técnica e econômica da utilização de geração diesel no horário de ponta

Given the current energy crisis experienced in our country with the lack of rain in some areas, the energy distributors were forced to resort to thermal power plants to complement their energy production; raising the cost of electricity generation, they have been forced to repass this value to the customers through the Tariff Flags. Concerned about a substantial increase in their electric bill, some consumers were forced to look for alternatives so that their results are not affected. The use of diesel generation at peak hours is a relatively simple and inexpensive alternative that has been widely used for several industrial, commercial and service customers. In this present work, we conducted a feasibility study of the use of diesel generators at peak hours in a medium-sized hospital, calculating the depreciation period for the investment through savings in electricity bills

Digestibility and performance of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles - fed diets containing different protein, lipid and carbohydrate levels

Due to lack of information on the use of non-protein energy sources in diets for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and digestibility of 12 diets containing approximately two crude protein (CP; 220 and 250 g kg(-1)), two lipid (40 and 80 g kg(-1)) and three carbohydrate levels (410, 460 and 500 g kg(-1)). The pacu juveniles-fed diets containing 220 g kg(-1) CP did not respond (P > 0.05) to increased dietary lipid and carbohydrate levels, but the fish-fed diets containing 250 g kg(-1) CP showed a better feed conversion ratio. There were interactions in weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), crude protein intake (CPI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) dependent on dietary carbohydrate and lipid levels, showing positive effects of increasing carbohydrate levels only for fish-fed diets containing 80 g kg(-1) lipid level. However, when the diets contained 40 g kg(-1) lipid, the best energy productive value (EPV) results were obtained at 460 g kg(-1) carbohydrate. A higher usage of lipids (80 g kg(-1)) reduced CPI and was detrimental to protein [apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC)(CP)] and energy (ADC(GE)), but did not affect growth. The ADC(GE) improved proportionally as dietary carbohydrate levels increased (P < 0.05), increasing the concentration of digestible energy. In addition, the WG, CPI, ADC(GE) results showed best use of the energy from carbohydrates when dietary protein level was 250 g kg(-1) CP. The utilization of 250 g kg(-1) CP in feeds for juvenile pacu for optimal growth is suggested. Therefore, the optimum dietary lipid and carbohydrate levels depend on their combinations. It can be stated that pacu uses carbohydrates as effectively as lipids in the maximization of protein usage, as long as it is not lower than 250 g kg(-1) CP or approximately 230 g kg(-1) digestible protein.

Desempenho, parâmetros plasmáticos e características de carcaça de novilhos alimentados com farelo de girassol e diferentes fontes energéticas, em confinamento

Avaliaram-se consumo, desempenho, parâmetros plasmáticos e características de carcaça de 24 novilhos, 3/4 Simental 1/4 Nelore, com peso médio inicial de 370 kg. As dietas foram compostas por 55% de silagem de milho e diferentes fontes energéticas: milho (MI) e substituição parcial do milho pela casca de soja (CS) ou pelo farelo de gérmen de milho (FGM), tendo como fonte de proteína o farelo de girassol. O período de avaliação de consumo e ganho de peso foi de 49 dias. Foram realizadas amostragens de sangue para mensuração dos parâmetros plasmáticos: glicose, uréia, proteína total e albumina. As meia-carcaças direitas resfriadas foram utilizadas para medir a área de olho de lombo (AOL), a espessura de gordura (EG) e o comprimento de carcaça. As dietas não influenciaram os parâmetros plasmáticos. A média obtida para uréia plasmática foi elevada (26,1 mg/dL). As diferentes fontes energéticas não afetaram o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar, com médias de 1,15 kg/dia e 9,17 kg de MS ingerida/kg de ganho. Não houve efeito sobre o rendimento de carcaça (52,8% peso final e 63,11% PCV), AOL (63,6 cm²) e EG (4,7 mm). O grão de milho pode ser substituído parcialmente pela casca de soja e pelo farelo de gérmen de milho, em dietas para novilhos em confinamento, sem afetar o desempenho e as características de carcaça, permitindo que a escolha entre esses ingredientes seja realizada pela análise econômica.

Avaliação da silagem de grãos de milho úmido com diferentes volumosos para tourinhos em terminação: desempenho e características de carcaça

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar os efeitos do fornecimento de silagem de grãos de milho úmido com o milho em grão seco, associados à silagem de milho ou ao bagaço in natura de cana-de-açúcar, sobre o desempenho e as características da carcaça de bovinos em terminação. em blocos ao acaso e esquema fatorial 2 × 2, 28 tourinhos Santa Gertrudes (dez meses de idade e peso corporal inicial de 245 kg) foram mantidos em confinamento durante 142 dias. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais e receberam dietas com 12 e 20% da MS em forma de bagaço ou silagem, respectivamente. O milho úmido foi moído e ensilado quando se encontrava com 30% de umidade. Não houve interação significativa tipo de volumoso x tipo de processamento do milho sobre as variáveis estudadas. O bagaço mostrou-se viável como fonte exclusiva de fibra, apesar de os resultados de ganho de peso, eficiência alimentar, peso e rendimento de carcaça e espessura de gordura subcutânea terem sido inferiores aos obtidos com a silagem de milho. O ganho diário de peso nos animais alimentados com o bagaço foi em torno de 1,3 kg, enquanto, com a silagem, foi de 1,5 kg. O consumo de MS não foi influenciado pelo tipo de volumoso ou pelo processamento do milho. O uso da silagem de grãos de milho úmido melhorou a eficiência alimentar em 9,7% e reduziu o peso do fígado quando comparado ao milho seco, mas não alterou as demais características avaliadas.

Análise Energética da cultura do crambe (Crambe abyssinica hochst) produzida em plantio direto

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Pyrolysis and combustion of pulp mill lime sludge

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Refrigerator COP with thermal storage

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Optimisation of environmental gas cleaning routes for solid wastes cogeneration systems - Part I - Analysis of waste incineration steam cycle

Research of advanced technologies for energy generation contemplates a series of alternatives that are introduced both in the investigation of new energy sources and in the improvement and/or development of new components and systems. Even though significant reductions are observed in the amount of emissions, the proposed alternatives require the use of exhaust gases cleaning systems. The results of environmental analyses based on two configurations proposed for urban waste incineration are presented in this paper; the annexation of integer (Boolean) variables to the environomic model makes it possible to define the best gas cleaning routes based on exergetic cost minimisation criteria. In this first part, the results for steam cogeneration system analysis associated with the incineration of municipal solid wastes (MSW) is presented. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A laboratory study on feeding plasticity of the shredder Sericostoma vittatum Rambur (Sericostomatidae)

Since litter input and availability of leaves in many streams is highly seasonal in Portugal, we investigated whether Sericostoma vittatum, a typical shredder, was able to grow using alternative food sources. To test this hypothesis we fed S. vittatum with Alnus glutinosa (alder, CPOM, coarse particulate organic matter), leaf powder from A. glutinosa and Acacia dealbata and FPOM (fine particulate organic matter) from a 5th and a > 6th order river, the macrophyte Myriophyllum aquaticum and biofilm. Growth in S. vittatum was significantly influenced by the food item given (ANOVA, P = 0.0082). The food item promoting the highest growth was A. glutinosa, in the form of FPOM (6.48% day(-1)) and CPOM (4.24% day(-1)); all other forms of FPOM and biofilm provided relatively low growth rates (0.77-1.77% day(-1)). The macrophyte M. aquaticum was also used as food source by S. vittatum and promoted intermediate growth (1.96% day(-1)). Neither nitrogen, phosphorus nor caloric content was correlated with growth. However, since higher growth was achieved with alder, in the form of CPOM and FPOM, we concluded that the chemical content of food was more important for S. vittatum than the physical form of such food. This may partially explain why shredders are able to survive when leaves are scarce in streams.

Rhamnolipid surfactants: An update on the general aspects of these remarkable biomolecules

Pseudomonas strains are able to biosynthesize rhamnose-containing surfactants also known as rhamnolipids. These surface-active compounds are reviewed with respect to chemical structure, properties, biosynthesis, and physiological role, focusing on their production and the use of low-cost substrates such as wastes from food industries as alternative carbon sources. The use of inexpensive raw materials such as agroindustrial wastes is an attractive strategy to reduce the production costs associated with biosurfactant production and, at same time, contribute to the reduction of environmental impact generated by the discard of residues, and the treatment costs. Carbohydrate-rich substrates generated low rhamnolipid levels, whereas oils and lipid-rich wastes have shown excellent potential as alternative carbon sources.