A steady-state model for heat pipes of circular or rectangular cross-sections

The objective of this paper is to present a generalized analytical-numerical model of the internal flow in heat pipes. The model formulation is based on two-dimensional formulation of the energy and momentum equations in the vapour and liquid regions and also in the metallic tube. The numerical solution of the model is obtained by using the descretization scheme LOAD and the SIMPLE numerical code. The flow fields, as well as the pressure fields, for different geometries were obtained and discussed. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Effects of HCl on the ultrasound catalyzed TEOS hydrolysis as determined by a calorimetric study

The acid catalyzed and ultrasound stimulated hydrolysis of solventless tetraethoxysilane-water mixtures was studied at 39°C as a function of HCl added to the mixtures (log[HCl]-1 ranged from 0.8 to 2.0), The reaction was carried out in a specially designed device, in which a steady state heat flow is maintained, while sonication is taking place, if no reaction is expected to occur. The exothermal hydrolysis reaction causes an increasing temperature (ΔTt) as a function of the reaction time, t. The isothermal hydrolysis rate constant, k, has been evaluated from the experimental ΔTt versus t data, after corrections for the increasing temperature effects, by using a method resulting from our theoretical modeling based on a dissolution and reaction mechanism. The hydrolysis rate constant fits closely a k α [H+] law as expected for this kind of hydrogen-ion catalyzed reaction.

Surface reconstruction using multiple light sources and perspective projection

This paper presents a method to recover 3D geometry of Lambertian surfaces by using multiple images taken from the same view point and with the scene illuminated from different positions. This approach differs from Stereo Photometry in that it considers the light source at a finite distance from the object and the perspective projection in image formation. The proposed model allows local solution and recovery of 3D coordinates, in addition to surface orientation. A procedure to calibrate the light sources is also presented. Results of the application of the algorithm to synthetic images are shown.

Towards an intelligent graphical interface for linear programming modelling

The increase of computing power of the microcomputers has stimulated the building of direct manipulation interfaces that allow graphical representation of Linear Programming (LP) models. This work discusses the components of such a graphical interface as the basis for a system to assist users in the process of formulating LP problems. In essence, this work proposes a methodology which considers the modelling task as divided into three stages which are specification of the Data Model, the Conceptual Model and the LP Model. The necessity for using Artificial Intelligence techniques in the problem conceptualisation and to help the model formulation task is illustrated.

Synchronous machines parameters identification using load rejection test data

This work shows a computational methodology for the determination of synchronous machines parameters using load rejection test data. The quadrature axis parameters are obtained with a rejection under an arbitrary reference, reducing the present difficulties.

Judd-Ofelt analysis of Pr3+ ions in fluoroindate glasses: Influence of odd third order intensity parameters

In this work an analysis of the Judd-Ofelt phenomenological Ωλ intensity parameters for the Pr3+ ion in fluoroindate glass is made. Different Pr3+ concentrations, namely 1, 2, 3 and 4 mol% are used. The experimental oscillator strengths have been determined from the absorption spectra. A consistent set of parameters is obtained only with the inclusion of odd rank third order intensity parameters and if the band at 21 470 cm-1 is assigned to the 3H4 → 3P1 transition and the 1I6 component is incorporated in the 3H4 → 3P2 transition at 22 700 cm-1.

Q-deformed fermionic Lipkin model at finite temperature

The interplay between temperature and q-deformation in the phase transition properties of many-body systems is studied in the particular framework of the collective q-deformed fermionic Lipkin model. It is shown that in phase transitions occuring in many-fermion systems described by su(2)q-like models are strongly influenced by the q-deformation.

Polyacids self-dissociation model

This work deals with a model to interpret pH measurements of solutions of weak rodlike polyacids, in the absence of added salts or titrating base. The polyacid is modeled as a series of point charges discretely distributod in a straight line with a distance of closest approach for the protons and an average distance between dissociable monomers, projected in the polymer chain axis. Aside from these two geometrical parameters, the dissociation constant for the isolated monomer that describes the proton dissociated monomer interaction forms the basis of the model. The assumption of cylindrical symmetry and the adoption of the cell model lead to a form written in terms of elementary functions for the mean electrostatic potential. Values of pH (related to the proton concentration in a region beyond the influence of the polyacid) as a function of polymer concentration are displayed graphically for some values of the geometrical parameters and of the dissociation, constant. Theoretical predictions of pH values as a function of polymeric concentration are compared with measured values for poly-L-glutamic and polygalacturonic acids, and a good agreement is found. Theoretical values for the dissociation degree in terms of polymeric concentration are shown for the two experimentally investigated systems. These values are in a range appreciably smaller than what is usually studied as a result of titration.

Pauli nonlocality in heavy-ion rainbow scattering: A further test of the folding model

Nonlocal interactions are an intrinsically quantum phenomenon. In this work we point out that, in the context of heavy ions, such interactions can be studied through the refractive elastic scattering of these systems at intermediate energies. We show that most of the observed energy dependence of the local equivalent bare potential arises from the exchange nonlocality. The nonlocality parameter extracted from the data was found to be very close to the one obtained from folding models. The effective mass of the colliding, heavy-ion, system was found to be close to the nucleon effective mass in nuclear matter.

Simulação numérica de trocadores de calor multitubulares equipados com fitas helicoidais externamente aos tubos

Classical shell-and-tube heat exchangers are usually equipped with segmental baffles. These baffles serve two basic functions: (a) they provide tube supports, thereby preventing or reducing mechanical problems, such as sagging or vibration; (b) they direct the fluid flow over the tubes so as to introduce a cross-flow component, thereby increasing the heat transfer. Segmented baffles have several sources of performance loss, some due to various leakage flows and others caused by stagnation zones. A new concept of longitudinal flow heat exchanger - based on placing twisted tapes along the tube bundle subchannels - was developed to mitigate drawbacks of other types of tubular heat exchangers. In this paper, a numerical model has been implemented in order to simulate the thermal-hydraulic feature of tubular heat exchangers equipped either with segmental baffles or with subchannel twisted tapes. The tube bundle has been described by means of an equivalent porous medium type model, allowing a macroscopic description of the shell-side flow. The basic equations - continuity, momentum and energy - have been solved by using the finite volume method. Typical numerical results have been compared with experimental data, reaching a very good agreement. A comparative analysis of different types of heat exchangers has been carried out, revealing the satisfactory thermal-hydraulic efficiency level of the twisted tapes heat exchangers.

Uma metodologia para o controle de seguranca dinamica de sistemas de energia eletrica

This work presents an algorithm for the security control of electric power systems using control actions like generation reallocation, determined by sensitivity analysis (linearized model) and optimization by neural networks. The model is developed taking into account the dynamic network aspects. The preventive control methodology is developed by means of sensitivity analysis of the security margin related with the mechanical power of the system synchronous machines. The reallocation power in each machine is determined using neural networks. The neural network used in this work is of Hopfield type. These networks are dedicated electric circuits which simulate the constraint set and the objective function of an optimization problem. The advantage of using these networks is the higher speed in getting the solutions when compared to conventional optimization algorithms due to the great convergence rate of the process and the facility of the method parallelization. Then, the objectives are: formulate and investigate these networks implementations in determining. The generation reallocation in digital computers. Aiming to illustrate the proposed methodology an application considering a multi-machine system is presented.

Synthesis, characterization and spectroscopy of the europium doped lanthanum trimetaphosphate

Orthorhombic modification of europium doped lanthanum trimetaphosphate has been prepared. The compound was obtained by precipitation of rare earth chloride solution with trimetaphosphoric acid. The characterizations were made using X-ray diffractometry, chemical analysis and infrared spectroscopy. Excitation and emission spectra were recorded at liquid nitrogen and room temperatures. Assignments of the 5D0→7FJ (J=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) transitions were made and an unusual high 5D0→7F4 transition intensity with six split lines has been observed. Structural distortion of the crystal lattice may be caused by the Eu3+ ion inclusion. The simple overlap model was applied for the calculation of the total splitting of the 5D0→7F1 transition, the 5D0→7F0/5D 0→7F2 transition intensity ratio and the Ωλ (λ=2.4) intensity parameters. Theoretical predictions showed to be in good accordance with the experimental data. © 1988 Elsevier Science S.A.

Preparation, characterization and spectroscopy of the europium diphenylphosphinate complex

The purpose of this work is to study the preparation and spectroscopic behavior of the europium diphenylphosphinate complex -Eu(DPP)3. Elemental and thermogravimetric analysis, powder X-ray diffractometry, and infrared spectroscopy were applied to characterize the formula of the final product and the sixfold coordination of the Eu3+ ion. Excitation and emission spectra have been recorded at liquid nitrogen and room temperatures. The 5D0→7F2 transition intensity decreases when T decreases in comparison to the 5D0→7F1 transition intensity. Molecular mechanic calculations were developed in order to obtain the spatial coordinates of the Eu3+ and ligand ions. The simple overlap model was used to calculate the total splitting of the 5D0→7F1 transition, 5D0→7F0/5D 0→7F2 ntensity ratio and the intensity parameters, Ωλ (λ=2 and 4). Good agreements between theoretical predictions and experimental results have been obtained with g=2/3 as the effective charge and α=0.8×10-24 cm3 as the isotropic polarizability of the oxygen. © 1998 Elsevier Science S.A.

Carbon monoxide oxidation over platinum: Stable, oscillatory and quasi-chaotic regimes

We model the heterogeneously catalyzed oxidation of CO over a Pt surface. A phase diagram analysis is used to probe the several steady state regimes and their stability. We incorporate an experimentally observed 'slow' sub-oxide kinetic step, thereby generalizing a previously presented model. In agreement with experimental data, stable, oscillatory and quasi-chaotic regimes are obtained. Furthermore, the inclusion of the sub-oxide step yields a relaxation oscillation regime. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Universal scaling in BCS superconductivity in three dimensions in non-s waves

The solutions of a renormalized BCS equation are studied in three space dimensions in s, p and d waves for finite-range separable potentials in the weak to medium coupling region. In the weak-coupling limit, the present BCS model yields a small coherence length ξ and a large critical temperature, T c, appropriate for some high-T c materials. The BCS gap, T c, ξ and specific heat C s(T c) as a function of zero-temperature condensation energy are found to exhibit potential-independent universal scalings. The entropy, specific heat, spin susceptibility and penetration depth as a function of temperature exhibit universal scaling below T c in p and d waves.