105 resultados para Mananciais Protegidos
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Currently, the dam of Salto Grande is very degraded. Water quality is seriously amended, and lack of riparian vegetation, as well as the advance of feed crops and land occupation in areas that should be permanently preserved, only complicate this situation. The permanent preservation area is essential for the water sources protection, soil erosion control and consequent watercourse sedimentation. Through aerial photography, using GIS techniques, it was able to identify the outwards bounds of the dam, to demarcate the permanent preservation areas and generate maps for land use. With this data, in addition to studies and ideas of reforestation in different environments, the development of a plan for restoration of degraded areas surrounding the dam is easier to be done. This study confirmed that about 72% of land use in permanent preservation areas is not in accordance with specific laws, making necessary its recovering.
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The decreasing availability of drinking water is a problem that has existed for a long time and continues to be aggravated, especially by the increase in population and pollution of water resources. Due to the need to find alternatives in order to ensure water supplies in sufficient quantity and quality for consumption by populations, rainwater collection arises as an alternative. The present study was developed in Ipeúna-SP, consisting of an experimental system of collection and storage of rainwater on the roofs of buildings. Samples of the same precipitation, differentiated through the initial disposal and treatment of the collected water, were stored during a period of six months and monitored through physical, chemical and microbiological analyses. With the results, the qualitative characteristics of the stored precipitation were found, the main differences among the samples were identified and the needs of treatment were studied.
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The lack of proper planning in intervention works of runoff water on rural properties and rural public roads leads to economic damage and loss of environmental quality. The impact of the action without technical base is soil erosion, siltation of water sources, loss of the quality and availability of water, invalidating areas for cultivation and livestock. The conservation of headwaters requires beyond regeneration of the environmental characteristics the repair and management of the degraded watercourse in order to control erosion. This graduate work in Environmental Engineering from Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP Presidente Prudente proposes a headwater recuperation and management in rural area of Álvares Machado municipality, São Paulo State, through the method of deep drainage applied to the case of a rural road near the outcrop of water. This technique consists in the installation of draining structures in sub-areas of the road surface, or sub-gutter and/or in the platform border in order to conduct the underground flow of water and reduce the loss of sediment in water flow. Therefore, was performed a historic study of use and occupation of land in the municipality of Álvares Machado, portraying transformations of the landscape caused by human action. Geology, geomorphology, pedology and hydrogeology data were collected from the study area in order to establish the conditions that led into the current situation of degradation and formulate an effective intervention strategy for civil works
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A vegetação ribeirinha é conhecida como o conjunto de formações que se encontram associadas aos corpos d’água, ocorrendo ao longo dos cursos d’água e no entorno de nascentes, formando um mosaico vegetacional. É de vital importância na proteção de mananciais, controlando a chegada de nutrientes, sedimentos e a erosão de ribanceiras, atua na estabilidade térmica e abastece o lençol freático a partir da contenção de águas pluviais, além de exercer um papel fundamental como corredores ecológicos de fluxo gênico animal e vegetal. No Brasil, há legislação que protege tais áreas, entretanto, estas vem sofrendo sistemática degradação por desmatamento, despejo de esgotos domésticos e industriais, canalização e desvio de cursos d’água. O estudo presente teve como objetivo caracterizar a florística e a estrutura fitossociológica de três fragmentos do ambiente ribeirinho localizados na Fazenda Água Branca, em Ajapi, Rio Claro - SP. Através de parcelas de 10x10m, foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com PAP ≥ 10cm. Foram estabelecidas 16 parcelas na vegetação ribeirinha com influência fluvial sazonal ao longo do Ribeirão Claro, tratadas no trabalho como floresta ciliar. Foram estabelecidas 14 parcelas distribuídas em dois fragmentos de vegetação ribeirinha com influência fluvial permanente, tratadas ao longo do trabalho como floresta paludosa. Na mata ciliar, foram amostrados 316 indivíduos, pertencentes a 32 famílias, distribuídos em 74 espécies. As espécies mais importantes foram: Syzygium cuminii, Esenbeckia febrifuga e Croton urucurana. As famílias com maior riqueza foram: Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae e Meliaceae. O índice de diversidade (H’) encontrado foi 3,62; valor esperado para Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais. Na mata paludosa, foram amostrados 469 indivíduos, pertencentes a 34 famílias, distribuídos em 60 espécies... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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This work presents procedures for getting data to estimate grant flow by means of statistical and hydrological methods, acquired during the graduate course, of some streams in the watersheds of Aguapeí and Peixe rivers, in order to make available this data set to Sao Paulo State water and electrical energy department – DAEE and to the Committees of Aguapeí and Peixe watersheds. This study was performed using discharge data and the were a selection process to identify some faults in the historical series. Finally it was calculated the 7-day moving averages, Q7 and some characteristics discharges like Q90 and Q95. Taking into account the average discharge en seven days in a 10-year recurrence interval, it was estimated the grant flow of some streams. Data were generated for six posts inside the Aguapei and Peixe watersheds
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A contaminação do solo pelo descarte de substâncias tóxicas adquiriu, nos últimos anos, maior atenção da comunidade científica a qual tem alertado a população dos países, em geral, para as conseqüências, em especial, as patologias que podem ocorrer quando estas substâncias adentram nossa cadeia alimentar. Neste trabalho procurou-se apresentar as fontes de contaminação e a toxicidade do cádmio, do chumbo, do mercúrio e do manganês, quando estes se encontram em níveis elevados no solo e nos mananciais superficiais e subterrâneos. Com relação aos três primeiros metais, sua alta dosagem pode provocar, no ser humano, diversos tipos de câncer, lesões no estômago e pulmões, além de alterações importantes nos sistemas imunológico e nervoso central. O manganês, um dos metais mais comuns da crosta terrestre, largamente utilizado pela indústria e disponibilizado, em grandes quantidades no meio ambiente, em doses elevadas pode causar doenças pulmonares e neurológicas.
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Atualmente, devido ao considerável aumento populacional e consequente necessidade de maior produção de alimentos, tem-se incrementado, também, o investimento em tecnologias para a remediação de solos contaminados, em especial, por metais potencialmente tóxicos oriundos, principalmente, da disposição inadequada de resíduos industriais. Esses contaminantes não se restringem apenas aos solos. Podem ser carreados para os mananciais de águas superficiais ou conduzidos, pela infiltração das águas, aos mananciais subterrâneos. Neste trabalho, procurou-se apresentar as principais metodologias, em uso, para recuperação de áreas degradadas por solos assim contaminados.
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A contaminação do solo por metais potencialmente tóxicos constitui um dos principais problemas ambientais. Por meio da lixiviação e percolação das águas, esses metais podem ser mobilizados e vir a contaminar mananciais superficiais e subterrâneos, comprometendo sua qualidade. A biodisponibilização desses metais para as plantas e, a partir dessas, para o homem é outro desfecho negativo dessa situação. O cádmio é um elemento tóxico. Os teores encontrados nos solos costumam não oferecer riscos. Porém, esses teores são potencializados pela utilização de fertilizantes. O níquel pode ser carcinogênico em doses elevadas. Sua presença em fertilizantes fosfatados proporciona maiores concentrações do metal no solo. É amplo o registro sobre efeitos do excesso desses metais, tanto em plantas, quanto em animais e no ser humano. O manganês é um dos elementos mais abundantes na crosta terrestre e se encontra largamente distribuído em solos, sedimentos, rochas, água e materiais biológicos. Contrariamente aos dois metais anteriores, esse micronutriente é um elemento essencial ao ser humano. Sua carência causa inúmeras enfermidades, por outro lado, seu excesso também. Nesse caso, poucos são os relatos sobre o assunto. Nesse estudo foram utilizados métodos de extração de metais de fertilizantes e se constatou que, quando presentes, os metais cádmio e níquel apresentaram concentrações proibitivas o que é motivo de preocupação e demonstra a falta de controle sobre a indústria de insumos agrícolas. Para o manganês não há parâmetros orientadores com limites de teores, mas com certeza, são necessários trabalhos nesse sentido para se evitar seu consumo indiscriminado.
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Distribution networks are formed by long lines that carry electricity substations to homes and industries. These lines have associated impedance and depending on operating conditions of the network these impedances may vary. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the effects observed in studies of voltage drop, short circuit and electrical losses, when considered the drivers sequence impedances used in primary distribution network at different temperatures. Therefore, it is initially presented a calculation methodology and details the factors that influence the final values. The methodology presented tackles in a practical way the main factors that directly or indirectly influence the values of the impedances as an emblematic example and will be properly dealt with throughout the paper is the effect of temperature on the values of the sequence impedances. More specifically is dealt with the case of XLPE cables protected, by having a higher maximum operating temperature than the operating temperature of the network. The effects observed in the power flow generated when considering the impedance values at both temperatures were analyzed. The impedance drivers tend to increase with increasing temperature. Thus the impedance of the conductor XLPE protected will tend to be greater for the maximum operating temperature for which the operating temperature of the network, resulting in greater voltage drop and higher electrical losses
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Irrigação e Drenagem) - FCA
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Water scarcity is becoming an increasing problem and more evident worldwide, rainwater utilization is characterized for being one of the simplest and cheapest solutions to preserve drinking water and is a known alternative technology and used to promote sustainability in buildings and reducing pressure on surface waters, it would also reduce runoff and can minimize flooding. The rainwater, while not potable may be used in potable water usage activities, and may thus saving 30 to 40% of potable water. In this work one can see the importance of the capture and use of rainwater (CAAC), bringing economy, to reduce consumption of potable water, reducing the problem of water shortage, and which methods and materials needed to cause its implementation. The work also promoted the characterization of rainwater in the city of Guaratinguetá (SP) and studied its potential use in public housing, calculating the volume needed for implementation of the tank and the cost to implement all rainwater utilization system, but because it is a region with a median rainfall index and the popular houses present an area of small water capitation, the result was not satisfactory. The cost for implementation was high and the financial return was well above average. The government should encourage and support more CAAC, as not thinking about the financial side is advisable to be widespread throughout the country, the benefits it can bring
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Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Materiais - FEIS
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Pós-graduação em Química - IQ
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In 1954, it was celebrated the centenary of railways in Brazil. The date refers to the first section of 14.5 km of railway in Brazil (30/04/1854), in Rio de Janeiro, between Mauá and Fragoso, of the Petropolis Railway Company (Estrada de Ferro Petrópolis). Some of the texts and commemorative events indicated the symbolic values that the railroad took in the Brazilian history. Firstly, on 30.04.1954, the railway section Mauá-Fragoso and steam locomotive “Baroness” (the first used on the track) were declared national monuments(Decree No. 35,447-A, April 30, 1954). Secondly, some entities (Clube de Engenharia, Conselho Nacional de Geografia, Ministério da Viação e Obras Públicas) highlighted the importance of celebrating the Brazilian railway history and its historical significance, economic and geographical. For this, some events was occurred (the commemoration of one hundred years in Rio de Janeiro and Recife on 30.04.1954). Among the texts wrought produced, we highlight the text I Centenary of Brazilian Railroad (1954), released by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), and the National Council of Geography (Conselho Nacional de Geografia). The emphasis given to the railway refersto the geographical perspective (territorial expansion), but also makes mention of the Barãode Mauá, the founder of Petropolis Railway Company. We aim to understand the celebration from evocations about the Brazilian railroad history and some ideas that is assigned to the railway (and the Barãode Mauá), and railway heritage (the track and the locomotive “Baroneza”). On basis of this review will seek to understand how it was reconceived the railroad memory in view of these values and material elements.