Prevalência e aspectos epidemiológicos da leptospirose bovina em rebanho leiteiro na microrregião de Goiânia - GO

Foram colhidas 426 amostras de hemossoro bovino, provenientes de vacas em lactação na microrregião de Goiânia-GO, e testadas pelo método de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) para detecção de aglutininas antileptospiras, para efetuar um estudo de prevalência. Paralelamente, foi realizado um questionário epidemiológico, contendo informações que pudessem fornecer dados sobre a epidemiologia da leptospirose nessa região. Os resultados obtidos revelaram uma prevalência de 81,90% de animais reagentes. Os principais sorovares envolvidos foram: wolffi (36,10%), icterohaemorrhagiae (20,50%), hardjo (5,20%) e tarassovi (4,90%). A presença de ratos e suínos, a utilização de inseminação artificial e o tipo de fonte de água não interferiram no número de animais reagentes no teste de SAM. A leptospirose tem um comportamento enzoótico nessa região.

Influence of corn processing provided in the diet on the ruminal dynamics of dairy steer

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a dinâmica ruminal de novilhos leiteiros recebendo dietas contendo grão de milho inteiro, milho moído na forma de quirera ou milho inteiro tratado com ureia. Para isso, foram mantidos em regime de confinamento seis animais fistulados no rúmen alimentados com dietas com teores semelhantes de energia e proteína. A dieta foi formulada com relação volumoso:concentrado de 40:60 na matéria seca e continha silagem de sorgo como volumoso. O delineamento utilizado foi na forma de um quadrado latino 3 × 3, com três animais e três períodos, e foi repetido duas ou quatro vezes conforme o parâmetro estudado, totalizando seis ou 12 repetições por dieta. O tratamento do grão de milho não influenciou o pH do líquido ruminal nem a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, fibra em detergente ácido e celulose. Todas as dietas propiciaram concentração de N-amoniacal adequada para o crescimento microbiano ruminal; todavia, nos animais alimentados com grão de milho inteiro tratado com ureia, essa concentração foi significativamente menor. A atividade bacteriana é menor em animais alimentados com dietas contendo milho moído e não difere entre os animais alimentados com grão de milho inteiro ou grão de milho inteiro tratado com ureia.

Feed digestibility and productive performance of bullfrogs fed in high and low frequency

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Reduction of humeroulnar congenital elbow luxation in 8 dogs by using the transarticular pin

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome in 8 dogs of surgical reduction of congenital humeroulnar luxation by using the transarticular pin. Five cases were bilateral and 3 were unilateral, for a total of 13 elbows. The treatment was performed in animals between 45 and 150 days of age. Articular stabilization was achieved by using a transarticular pin driven from the caudal aspect of the olecranon into the body of the humerus or into the distal condyle and distal metaphysis of the humerus. The follow-up period was between 1 and 19 months. There were 5 postsurgical reluxations, 3 related to the insertion of the pin into the humeral condyle and 3 related to the insertion into the humeral body. These animals needed further surgery. Six animals showed near normal return to limb function and 2 had lameness. We conclude that the use of the transarticular pin is an effective and simple method for the treatment of humeroulnar congenital elbow luxation.

Matricaria chamomilla CH12 decreases handling stress in Nelore calves

Matricaria chainomilla CH12 is a phytotherapeutic or homeopathic product, which has been used to reduce stress. Here, we examined its effect on preventing handling stress in bovines. Sixty Nelore calves were randomly distributed into two equal groups. One group was administered Matricaria chainomilla CH, in diet and the other the 'control' was not. Animals in both groups were maintained unstressed for 30 days to adjust to the feeding system and pasture, and were then stressed by constraint on the 31th, 38th, 45th and 60th experimental days. Blood samples were taken on these days after animals had been immobilization in a trunk contention for 5 min. Stress was followed by analyzing serum cortisol levels. These peaked on the 45th day and then decreased, but not to baseline, on the 60th day. on the 45th day cortisol levels were significantly lower in animals fed Matricaria chantomilla CH12, suggesting that this product reduces stress. These effects may be a consequence of its inhibiting cortisol production and its calming and anxiolytic effects.

Experimental peritonitis in horses: peritoneal fluid composition

Dezesseis eqüinos adultos foram aleatoriamente divididos em quatro grupos de quatro animais que receberam inoculação intraperitoneal das seguintes suspenções: grupo I, 100×10(7) unidades formadoras de colônias (CFU) de E. coli diluídas em 500ml de solução salina a 0,9%; grupo II, 100×10(7) CFU de Bacteroides fragilis em 500ml de solução salina a 0,9%; grupo III, 100×10(7) CFU de E. coli combinados com 100×10(7) CFU de B. fragilis em 500ml de solução salina a 0,9%; grupo IV, 500ml de solução salina a 0,9%. Observou-se aumento significativo do número de leucócitos no líquido peritoneal quatro horas após as inoculações dos animais dos grupos I e II, e oito horas após as inoculações dos animais do grupo III. A contagem mais elevada foi de 516×10³ leucócitos/mm³. Aumentos significativos nas concentrações de fibrinogênio (1g/dl) e proteína total (9,1%) foram também observados. Eqüinos inoculados com culturas puras, tanto de E. coli quanto de B. fragilis, apresentaram peritonites mais brandas e autolimitantes, enquanto que eqüinos inoculados com associação das duas bactérias apresentaram alterações laboratoriais com maior intensidade e duração.

Cryptosporidium infection in Brazil: implications for veterinary medicine and public health

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar, por meio de revisão de literatura, os resultados de pesquisas sobre a criptosporidiose no Brasil, com ênfase em sua ocorrência em animais e suas implicações em medicina veterinária e em saúde pública. Um número crescente de trabalhos sobre a infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. no Brasil está disponível na literatura nacional e internacional. Nestes trabalhos, são abordados principalmente aspectos relacionados à ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. em alimentos, amostras ambientais, no homem e em diversas espécies animais, particularmente em aves, bovinos, cães e gatos. Por meio de técnicas de biologia molecular, a maioria das espécies e alguns genótipos identificados em outros países foram descritos no Brasil. em mamíferos, houve identificação de C. bovis, C. canis, C. felis, C. meleagridis, C. parvum e o genótipo cervídeo; em diversas espécies de aves, foi descrita infecção por C. baileyi, C. galli, C. meleagridis, C. parvum e pelos genótipos I, II e III de aves. Várias espécies foram descritas no homem, como C. parvum e C. hominis, além de algumas espécies adaptadas a hospedeiros animais, como C. canis, C. felis e C. meleagridis.

Putative antinociceptive action of nitric oxide in the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus during chronic carrageenan-induced arthritis in the rat temporomandibular joint

In order to investigate a putative role for nitric oxide (NO) in the central nociceptive processing following carrageenan-induced arthritis in the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ), we analyzed the immunoreactivity, gene expression and activity of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5C) during the acute (24 h), chronic (15 days) and chronic-active (14 days-24 h) arthritis. In addition, evaluation of head-withdrawal threshold was carried out in all phases of arthritis under chronic inhibition of nNOS with the selective inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI). Neurons with nNOS-like immunoreactivity (nNOS-LI) were concentrated mainly in the lamina II of the Sp5C, showing no significant statistical difference during arthritis. Only a discrete percentage of nNOS-LI neurons expressed Fos immunoreactivity. The mRNA expression for both nNOS and endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) presented no noticeable differences among the groups. No expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was detected in the Sp5C by either immunohistochemistry or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Ca(2+)-dependent NOS activity in the ipsilateral Sp5C was significantly higher (108.3 +/- 49.2%; P<0.01) in animals during the chronic arthritis. Interestingly, this increased activity was completely abolished 24 h later, in the chronic-active arthritis. Finally, head-withdrawal threshold decreased significantly in the chronic arthritis in animals under 7-NI chronic inhibition. In conclusion, nNOS immunoreactivity and mRNA expression are stable in the Sp5C during TMJ arthritis evolution, but its activity significantly increases in the chronic-phases supporting an antinociceptive role of the nNOS as evidenced by pain threshold experiment. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Treatment of experimental periodontal disease by photodynamic therapy in immunosuppressed rats

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Comparison between laser therapy and non-surgical therapy for periodontitis in rats treated with dexamethasone

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy Combined with Laser and Photodynamic Therapies for Periodontal Disease in Immunosuppressed Rats

Background. Periodontal disease is often associated with systemic diseases and is characterized by destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth. Patients using immunosuppressive drugs such as tacrolimus are among those who suffer from tissue destruction. Objective. We sought to evaluate the effects of laser and photodynamic therapies (PDT; nonsurgical) as an adjunct to scaling and rootplaning (SRP) in the treatment of corona-induced periodontitis in rats immunosuppressed with tacrolimus (Prograf).Materials and Methods. The animals were divided into 5 groups. Each groups had 6 rats. Group I, the control group, received only saline solution throughout the study period of 42 days and did not receive periodontal treatment; group II received saline solution and SRP; group III received tacrolimus (1 mg/kg per day) and was treated with SRP; group IV animals were treated identically to group III and then administered laser treatment; and in group V, the animals were treated identically to group III and then administered PDT.Results. Statistical analysis indicated decreased bone loss with the progression of time (P = .035). There was no difference between the bone loss associated with the types of treatment administered to groups I, II, and III (P > .9) or groups IV and V (P > .6). The analysis also indicated that immunosuppression was not a bone loss-determining factor.Conclusion. Laser and PDT therapies were effective as an adjunctive treatment to SRP in reducing bone loss caused by experimental periodontitis induced in animals being treated systemically with tacrolimus.

Long-term treatment with alendronate increases the surgical difficulty during simple exodontias - an in vivo observation in Holtzman rats

Background: Atraumatic teeth extractions protocols are highly encouraged in patients taking bisphosphonates (Bps) to reduce surgical trauma and, consequently, the risk of jaws osteonecrosis development. In this way, this paper aims to report the findings of increased surgical difficulty during simple exodontias in animals treated with bisphosphonates.Methods: Sixty male Holtzman rats were randomly distributed into three groups of 20 animals and received daily subcutaneous administration of 1 mg/kg (AL1) or 3 mg/kg (AL3) of alendronate or saline solution (CTL). After 60 days of drug therapy all animals were submitted to first lower molars extractions under general anesthesia. Operatory surgical time and the frequency of teeth fractures were measured as principal outcomes and indicators of surgical difficulty degree.Results: Animals treated with alendronate (AL1 and AL3) were associated to higher operatory times and increased frequency of teeth fractures compared to match controls.Conclusions: The bisphosphonate therapy may be associated with an increased surgical difficulty and trauma following simple exodontias protocols, which is considered a critical issue when it comes to osteonecrosis development.

Alpha(2)-adrenergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus induces NaCi intake under conditions of systemic hyperosmolarity

The inhibition of sodium intake by increased plasma osmolarity may depend on inhibitory mechanisms present in the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Activation of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus is suggested to deactivate inhibitory mechanisms present in this area increasing fluid depletion-induced 0.3 M NaCl intake. Considering the possibility that lateral parabrachial nucleus inhibitory mechanisms are activated and restrain sodium intake in animals with increased plasma osmolarity, in the present study we investigated the effects on water and 0.3 M NaCl intake produced by the activation of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus in rats with increased plasma osmolarity. Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally into the lateral parabrachial nucleus were used. One hour after intragastric 2 M NaCl load (2 ml), bilateral injections of moxonidine (alpha(2)-adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist, 0.5 nmol/0.2 mu l, n=10) into the lateral parabrachial nucleus induced a strong ingestion of 0.3 M NaCl intake (19.1 +/- 5.5 ml/2 h vs. vehicle: 1.8 +/- 0.6 ml/2 h), without changing water intake (15.8 +/- 3.0 ml/2 h vs. vehicle: 9.3 +/- 2.0 ml/2 h). However, moxonidine into the lateral parabrachial nucleus in satiated rats not treated with 2 M NaCl produced no change on 0.3 M NaCl intake. The pre-treatment with RX 821002 (alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonist, 20 nmol/0.2 mu l) into the lateral parabrachial nucleus almost abolished the effects of moxonidine on 0.3 M NaCl intake (4.7 +/- 3.4 ml/2 h). The present results suggest that alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus blocks inhibitory mechanisms, thereby allowing ingestion of hypertonic NaCl under conditions of extracellular hyperosmolarity. We suggest that during cell dehydration, circuits subserving sodium appetite are activated, but at the same time strongly inhibited through the lateral parabrachial nucleus. (c) 2006 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Metabolic responses to glucoprivation induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in Brycon cephalus (Teleostei, Characidae)

The effects of functional cytoglucopenia provoked by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) were studied in adult Brycon cephalus, an omnivorous fish from the Amazon Basin in Brazil. Glycogen content in liver and muscle as well as plasmatic glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), insulin, and glucagon were measured. After 48 h fasting, an intraperitoneal saline injection (NaCl 0.6 g/100 ml) was administered to control fish, whereas the experimental group received 2-DG, dissolved in saline, in the dosage of 80 mg/kg (0.487 mmol/kg) or 150 mg/kg (0.914 mmol/kg) body weight; injection volume was 5 ml in all treatments. Blood and tissue samples were taken immediately before, and 2, 8, 10, and 24 h after administration of the drug or saline. Fish injected with both doses of 2-DG showed a marked increase in glycemia levels. Liver and muscle glycogen decreased after 2-DG administration and reached their lowest values 10-24 h after injection, while in control animals no significant changes were observed. Elevation in plasma glucagon was observed only in response to the maximum dosage of 2-DG administered, especially 10 h and 24 h post-injection. Plasma insulin levels were lower in animals treated with the glucose analogue but only statistically significant 24 h after drug administration. In conclusion, the administration of the non-metabolizable glucose analogue 2-DG in B. cephalus is a stimulus to generate responses towards an increase in the glucose available to tissues, which is a characteristic of a fasting situation. All the above data support the interest of 2-DG administration as a model to study carbohydrate metabolism adjustment mechanisms in fish.

Increased susceptibility to development of anhedonia in rats with chronic peripheral nerve injury: Involvement of sleep deprivation?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)