Eficiência energética e econômica da produção de leite bovino em explorações familiares no município de Pardinho, região de Botucatu- SP

The study aimed to analyze the energy and economic efficiency rate family farms producing milk in the county of Pardinho, Sao Paulo State. The criteria used to define producers in this study is that outlined by the Brazilian agricultural credit system FEAP (Fund Expansion of Agribusiness Paulista). Through primary data, obtained by verbal reports, the agroecosystem technical itineraries were re-established, detailing the process applied, machinery, implements, equipment, supplies and manual work. These were transformed into energy and economic units, which allowed determining the established connection between energy economics outputs and inputs. The hypothesis of this study is that the energetic expenditure may be coincidental with economic expenditures. The energetic and economic flows were analyzed, using a structure of expenditures, by type, source and form of gross energy, as well as the energetic point of view. Four producers were found to have different technical itineraries. Producers 1 and 2 achieved the highest energy and economic efficiency rates. The producer with the lowest efficiency rates was producer 4. The energy sources not renewable like chemical fertilizers were the most used reaching an average of 82.9% for the energy and 52.86% for the economic expenditures. When comparing energy and economic efficiency it is possible to verify that both forms of analysis are close, obtaining a broader idea about energy resources allocation.

Análise da eficiência energética em indústrias madeireiras através da lógica fuzzy

This paper presents the application of fuzzy theory to support the decision of implementing energy efficiency program in sawmills operating in the processing of Pinustaeda and Pinuselliotii. The justification of using a system based on fuzzy theory for analysis of consumption and the specific factors involved, such is the diversity of rates / factors. With the fuzzy theory, we can build a reliable system for verifying actual energy efficiency. The indices and factors characteristic of industrial activity were measured and used as the basis for the fuzzy system. We developed a management system and technology. The system involves the management practices in energy efficiency, maintenance of plant and equipment and the presence of qualified staff. The technological system involves the power factor, load factor, the factor of demand and the specific consumption. The first response provides the possibility of increased energy efficiency and the second level of energy efficiency in the industry studied. With this tool, programs can be developed for energy conservation and energy efficiency in the industrial timber with wide application in this area that is as diverse as production processes. The same systems developed can be used in other industrial activities, provided they are used indices and characteristic features of the sectors involved.