Eficiência fotossintética de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar e de diferentes espécies de plantas daninhas após a aplicação do diuron

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência fotossintética, através da taxa de transporte de elétrons, de seis espécies de plantas daninhas e três cultivares de cana-de-açúcar após aplicação do herbicida diuron em pós-emergência inicial. Os cultivares utilizados (PO8862, SP80-3280 e RB83-5486) foram cortados em gemas e plantados em vasos com capacidade de 12 litros. A semeadura das seis espécies de plantas daninhas - Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, Panicum maximum, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia e Merremia cissoides - foi realizada para obter 25 plantas por vaso. A aplicação do herbicida diuron em pós-emergência inicial das plantas daninhas e dos cultivares de cana-de-açúcar foi realizada na dose de 3,0 kg ha-1, com adição de 0,2% de surfatante. As avaliações da taxa de transporte de elétrons no fotossistema (ETR) das plantas após a aplicação foram realizadas com auxílio de um fluorômetro portátil. Para as espécies de plantas daninhas, a ETR foi avaliada após intervalos de 2, 4, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 144 horas após a aplicação. Quanto aos cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, os intervalos avaliados foram de 2, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168 e 240 horas após a aplicação. de maneira geral, as reduções dos valores da ETR indicaram o nível de sensibilidade dos diferentes cultivares de cana-de-açúcar e das diferentes plantas daninhas ao diuron, e a intoxicação foi detectada antes ou mesmo sem a presença dos sintomas. A classificação da sensibilidade dos cultivares de cana-de-açúcar foi em ordem decrescente: PO-8862, SP80-3280 e RB83-5486; para as plantas daninhas, as espécies mais sensíveis foram M. cissoides, I. grandifolia e I. hederifolia, seguidas das gramíneas D. horizontalis, P. maximum e B. decumbens.

Análises de fluorescência e consumo de água em Brachiaria decumbens após aplicação de herbicidas em pós-emergência

A análise da fluorescência da clorofila vem sendo largamente utilizada no entendimento dos mecanismos da fotossíntese propriamente dito, bem como na avaliação da capacidade fotossintética alterada com a aplicação de herbicidas. O consumo de água pelas plantas é uma maneira também de avaliar a atuação dos herbicidas nas plantas daninhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fluorescência através da taxa de transporte de elétrons, consumo de água e fitointoxicação de Brachiaria decumbens após aplicação de quatro herbicidas de diferentes mecanismos de ação. Aos 30 dias após a semeadura de B. decumbens, as plantas foram arrancadas dos tubetes e preparadas para os tratamentos. Elas tiveram o sistema radicular colocado em tubos falcon preenchidos com água, e a superfície dos falcon foi isolada com papel-alumínio, para evitar evaporação do sistema. Os herbicidas aplicados foram: glyphosate, haloxyfop-methyl, diuron e amicarbazone. A aplicação foi feita com um pulverizador estacionário instalado em laboratório; após a aplicação dos tratamentos, as plantas foram mantidas em casa de vegetação. Foi avaliada a taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR), o consumo de água e a fitointoxicação das plantas em vários períodos após o início do experimento. Os dados de ETR e fitointoxicação foram expressos em porcentagem da testemunha e submetidos à análise de variância e à comparação das médias. Para o consumo de água, os dados foram acumulados e ajustados por modelos de regressão. Assim, pode-se dizer que as plantas de B. decumbens tiveram respostas diferentes aos herbicidas aplicados, e o consumo de água das plantas está relacionado diretamente com o transporte de elétrons. A metodologia fundamentada no fluorômetro mostrou-se adequada para verificar a intoxicação antecipada em B. de cumbens submetidas ao amicarbazone e diuron antes mesmo da verificação visual de intoxicação.

Efeito do hexazinone isolado e em mistura na eficiência fotossintética de Panicum maximum

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a velocidade e intensidade de ação do hexazinone isolado e em mistura com outros inibidores do fotossistema II, através da eficiência fotossintética de Panicum maximum em pós-emergência. O ensaio foi constituído de seis tratamentos: hexazinone (250 g ha-1), tebuthiuron (1,0 kg ha-1), hexazinone + tebuthiuron (125 g ha-1 + 0,5 kg ha-1), diuron (2.400 g ha-1), hexazinone + diuron (125 + 1.200 g ha-1), metribuzin (1.440 g ha-1), hexazinone + metribuzin (125 + 720 g ha-1) e uma testemunha. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos, as plantas foram transportadas para casa de vegetação sob condições controladas de temperatura e umidade, onde ficaram durante o período experimental, sendo realizadas as seguintes avaliações: taxa de transporte de elétrons e análise visual de intoxicação. A avaliação com o fluorômetro foi realizada nos intervalos de 1, 2, 6, 24, 48, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a aplicação, e as avaliações visuais, aos três e sete dias após a aplicação. Os resultados demonstraram diferença nos tratamentos, enfatizando a aplicação do diuron, que reduziu lentamente o transporte de elétrons comparado com os outros herbicidas e, em mistura com hexazinone, apresentou efeito sinérgico. Verificou-se com o uso do fluorômetro a intoxicação antecipada em plantas de P. maximum após a aplicação de herbicidas inibidores do fotossistema II de forma isolada e em mistura.

Nitrogen washing from C3 and C4 cover grasses residues by rain

Crop species with the C-4 photosynthetic pathway are more efficient in assimilating N than C-3 plants, which results in different N amounts prone to be washed from its straw by rain water. Such differences may affect N recycling in agricultural systems where these species are grown as cover crops. In this experiment, phytomass production and N leaching from the straw of grasses with different photosynthetic pathways were studied in response to N application. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) with the C-4 photosynthetic pathway, and black oat (Arena Strigosa) and triticale (X Triticosecale), with the C-3 photosynthetic pathway, were grown for 47 days. After determining dry matter yields and N and C contents, a 30 mm rainfall was simulated over 8 t ha(-1) of dry matter of each plant residue and the leached amounts of ammonium and nitrate were determined. C-4 grasses responded to higher fertilizer rates, whereas N contents in plant tissue were lower. The amount of N leached from C-4 grass residues was lower, probably because the C/N ratio is higher and N is more tightly bound to organic compounds. When planning a crop rotation system it is important to take into account the difference in N release of different plant residues which may affect N nutrition of the subsequent crop.

Adubação fosfatada para a cultura do sorgo granífero

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of crescents phosphorus levels in two hybrids of forage sorghum cultivated on "Zona da Mata" region, State of Alagoas. The treatments were two hybrids of forage sorghum: BRS304 e BRS310, and four phosphorus levels: 0, 25, 50 e 75 kg ha(-1). The statistical design was the complete randomized block with four replications in a split plot scheme. Each experimental plot was constuited for five row of 4.5 m, spaced of 0.70 m. The soil of experimental area received lime to increase basis saturation to 60%. During the sowing, all experimental area received 100 and 120 kg ha(-1) of N and K, respectively. The plants were collected 40, 50, 60 e 70 days after emergence. The mass collected was separaeted in leaves photosynthetic active and remaining of the plant. When the grains were on the "farinaceo duro" stage, the yield was evaluated in 1.4 m(2) on plots center. The phosphoted fertilization increases linearly the sorghum production until 75 kg ha(-1) level of P. The phosphorus provides better grain participation on total dry matter of sorghum plants.

Effect of water stress on herbicide efficiency applied to Urochloa decumbens

M.R. Rocha-Pereira, A.E. Klar, D. Martins, G.S. Ferreira de Souza, and J. Villalba. 2012. Effect of water stress on herbicide efficiency applied to Urochloa decumbens. Cien. Inv. Agr. 39(1): 211-220. This project aimed to measure the control efficiency of Acctil Coenzime A Carboxilase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides post-emergence applied to Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster under different soil water contents. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, Silo Paulo. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replications, consisting of a 9 x 4 factorial, combined with three water management systems (-0.03, -0.07 and -1.5 MPa) and three herbicides (fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl and sethoxydim + oil using four doses (100, 50, 25 and 0% of the recommended dose). Herbicide applications were conducted at two vegetative stages for all species: a 4-6 leaf stage and a 2-3 tiller stage. The physiological parameters evaluated were as follows: photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf temperature and plant dry matter. The visual assessments of phytotoxicity were performed 28 days after herbicide application. The control efficiency was lower in plants grown under soil water potential conditions of -1.5 MPa, regardless of the herbicide used during the two application stages; however, none reached 100% control. Fractionation of the recommended herbicide doses reduced effectiveness, with the exception of the 50%-dose application of sethoxydim and fluazifop-p-butyl herbicides, which were also effective in the 4-6 leaf plant control under normal water conditions.

Seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência sobre capim-braquiária

O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a seletividade de alguns herbicidas inibidores de ALS e FS II aplicados em pós-emergência em plantas de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk em condições de campo e seu efeito na qualidade das sementes. Os herbicidas testados (em g/ha) foram: imazethapyr a 100; chlorimuronethyl a 15; nicosulfuron a 50; bentazon a 720; e atrazine a 3.000, além de uma testemunha, sem aplicação de herbicidas. Dois experimentos em campo foram instalados em delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e os ensaios de laboratório em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 16 repetições. Todos os herbicidas testados tiveram algum efeito de fitointoxicação visual aos cultivares avaliados. O nicosulfuron foi o herbicida que visualmente proporcionou os níveis mais elevados de injúrias às plantas de B. decumbens e B. brizantha. A produção de MS de B. brizantha nos estádios iniciais de crescimento foi reduzida pelos herbicidas nicosulfuron e atrazine, enquanto, em B. decumbens, apenas o herbicida nicosulfuron ocasionou redução da produção de MS. A qualidade das sementes de ambos os cultivares foi afetada pelo nicosulfuron, que induziu a dormência em sementes de B. decumbens, reduziu a porcentagem de sementes normais e, assim como o atrazine, aumentou a porcentagem de sementes mortas.

Análise de crescimento de gérbera de vaso conduzida em diferentes substratos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Relações radiométricas no terço superior da copa de cafeeiro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of nitrogen supply on growth and photosynthesis of sunflower plants grown in the greenhouse

The effects of nitrogen availability on growth and photosynthesis were followed in plants of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., var. CATISSOL-01) grown in the greenhouse under natural photoperiod. The sunflower plants were grown in vermiculite under two contrasting nitrogen supply, with nitrogen supplied as ammonium nitrate. Higher nitrogen concentration resulted in higher shoot dry matter production per plant and the effect was apparent from 29 days after sowing (DAS). The difference in dry matter production was mainly attributed to the effect of nitrogen on leaf production and on individual leaf dry matter. The specific leaf weight (SLW) was not affected by the nitrogen supply. The photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (A) of the target leaves was remarkably improved by high nitrogen nutrition. However, irrespective of nitrogen supply, the decline in photosynthetic CO2 assimilation occurred before the end of leaf growth. Although nitrogen did not change significantly stomatal conductance (gs), high-N grown plants had lower intercellular CO2 concentration (C-i) when compared with low-N grown plants. Transpiration rate (E) was increased in high-N grown plants only at the beginning of leaf growth. However, this not resulted in lower intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE). (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Muscle delta C-13 change in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Effects of growth and carbon turnover

The contribution of growth and turnover to the muscle delta C-13 change process was investigated using mathematical models which associate delta C-13 change to time of intake of a new diet or increase in body mass. Two groups of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed on diets based on C3 (sigma C-13 = - 25.64 +/- 0.06 parts per thousand) or C4 (delta C-13= -16.01 +/- 0.06 parts per thousand) photosynthetic cycle plants to standardize the muscle delta C-13. After establishing the carbon isotopic equilibrium, fish (mean mass 24.12 +/- 6.79 g) then received the other treatment diet until a new carbon isotopic equilibrium could be established, characterizing T1 (C3-C4) and T2 (C4-C3) treatments. No significant differences were observed in fish productive performance. Good fits were obtained for the models that associated the delta C-13 change to time, resulting in carbon half-life values of 23.33 days for T1 and 25.96 days for T2. Based on values found for the muscle delta C-13 change rate from growth (0.0263 day(-1) and 0.0254 day(-1)) and turnover (0.0034 day(-1) and 0.0013 day(-1)), our results indicate that most of the delta C-13 change could be attributed to growth. The application of model that associated the delta C-13 change to body mass increase seems to produce results with no apparent biological explanation. The delta C-13 change rate could directly reflect the daily ration and growth rate, and consequently the isotopic change rates of carbon and other tissue elements can be properly used to assess different factors that may interfere in nutrient utilization and growth. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Gas exchange rates at different vapor pressure deficits and water relations of 'Pera' sweet orange plants with citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC)

Net photosynthesis (A) and transpiration rates (E), stomatal conductance (g), water use efficiency (WUE), intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) and internal leaf CO2 concentration (C) in response to different vapor pressure deficit (1.2 and 2.5 kPa) were investigated in 'Pera' sweet orange plants affected by citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), a disease caused by Xylella fastidiosa. All plants were well watered and leaf water potential (Pw) was also measured by the psychrometric technique. Results showed that healthy plants responded to higher vapor pressure deficit (VPD), lowering its net photosynthesis and transpiration rates, and stomatal conductance. However, diseased plants presented no clear response to VPD, showing lower A, E and g for both VPDs studied and very similar values to these variables in healthy plants at the highest VPD. Internal leaf CO2 concentration also decreased for healthy plants when under the highest VPD, and surprisingly, the same pattern of response was found in plants with CVC. These results, the lower Psi(w) and higher WUE values for diseased plants, indicated that this disease may cause stomatal dysfunction and affect the water resistance through xylem vessels, which ultimately may play some role in photosynthetic metabolism. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Nitric oxide reduces oxidative stress generated by lactofen in soybean plants

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Thermal relationships and exercise physiology in anuran amphibians: Integration and evolutionary implications

Thermal and water balance are coupled in anurans, and species with particularly permeable skin avoid overheating more effectively than minimizing variance of body temperature. In turn, temperature affects muscle performance in several ways, so documenting the mean and variance of body temperature of active frogs can help explain variation in behavioral performance. The two types of activities studied in most detail, jumping and calling, differ markedly in duration and intensity, and there are distinct differences in the metabolic profile and fiber type of the supporting muscles. Characteristics of jumping and calling also vary significantly among species, and these differences have a number of implications that we discuss in some detail throughout this paper. One question that emerges from this topic is whether anuran species exhibit activity temperatures that match the temperature range over which they perform best. Although this seems the case, thermal preferences are variable and may not necessarily reflect typical activity temperatures. The performance versus temperature curves and the thermal limits for anuran activity reflect the thermal ecology of species more than their systematic position. Anuran thermal physiology, therefore, seems to be phenotypically plastic and susceptible to adaptive evolution. Although generalizations regarding the mechanistic basis of such adjustments are not yet possible, recent attempts have been made to reveal the mechanistic basis of acclimation and acclimatization. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ventilation rates indicate stress-coping styles in Nile tilapia

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)