Sheep and cattle grazing alternately: Nematode parasitism and pasture decontamination

Three grazing management systems were compared to examine pasture decontamination of gastrointestinal nematode parasites (GIN) of sheep (Ovies aries) and cattle (Bos taurus). They consisted of sheep and cattle grazing paddocks alternately for 32, 96 or 192 days over 2 years. Pastureland (8.43 ha) was subdivided into six areas of eight paddocks each to produce an eight-paddock rotational grazing system. Every paddock was grazed for 4 days and then rested for 28 days. Sixty-six Ile de France ewes and 12 steers were randomly divided into three groups (22 sheep and four cattle per group). Each grazing system included a cattle area and a sheep area. Sheep and cattle interchanged areas every 32 days in system 1 (Group 1), every 96 days in system 2 (Group 2) and every 192 days in system 3 (Group 3). Fecal examination and larvae counting on pasture were performed every 32 days. During summer, winter and spring 2005, tracer lambs free of nematode infection were introduced into each sheep group and later sacrificed for quantification and identification of GIN species. All cattle were sacrificed for the same purpose. The main parasites found in tracer lambs were Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and in cattle, Haemonchus similis, Cooperia punctata and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Pasture contamination by sheep-infective GIN larvae was considerably reduced after 96 or 192 days of cattle grazing. Cross-infections between sheep and cattle GIN were not significant, which suggested that integrated grazing using such animals could be used for pasture decontamination. However, as effective anthelmintics were not available, decontamination was not sufficient for proper prophylaxis of GIN infections in Ile de France sheep, which are quite susceptible to such parasites. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Otimização da distância de extração de madeira com forwarder

The activities and management operations of wood harvesting do not have good computational tools available to help the forest technicians with the task of cost reduction. In many cases, machines of high investment are used in wood harvesting without adequate operation planning; consequently, the cost per hour of these machines, which is high, could be reduced. Using technological resources such as the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) integrated with the Global Positioning System (GPS), which are the basis of precision harvesting. In this research, a technological tool capable of calculating and optimizing the average skidding distance of the forwarder was developed. It was used in stands of different sizes and formats through mathematical techniques and available functionalities in the Geographic Information System GRASS. The developed tool, called optimized model, divides the stand in small parts in relation to shorter skidding distances. The main variable considered was the alignment of plantation. The model was tested in eucalypt stands located in the State of São Paulo. Sixteen stands were randomly selected: eight with a rectangular polygon form, and eight with irregular polygon form. The main variables were collected in these stands. Results showed that the optimized model developed, is efficient and flexible. It was possible to divide the stands in small parts resulting in smaller skidding medium distances. The stands with irregular form had shorter skidding medium distances than the rectangular stands.

Energia de briquetes produzidos com rejeitos de resíduos sólidos urbanos e madeira de Eucalyptus grandis

The incentive for consumption and production in large quantity in modern society generates enormous amounts of urban solid residues in the form of municipal solid waste (MSW). With the intention of reducing these residues of the municipal waste tips and to generate energy, briquettes with mixtures of MSW and residues of Eucalyptus grandis were produced. The briquettes were manufactured with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of MSW in the mixture with wood waste and 12% of moisture content. The analyzed parameters used to choose the best treatments were combustion analysis versus ash content, mechanical strength and energy content. The briquettes up to 10% of MSW showed low resistance, and above 15% showed large increase in ash content. Therefore, the treatment that fulfilled the requirements for combustion versus ash content and mechanical resistance was of at least 15% of MSW, since the source of the ash is unidentified. Considering the net energy content, the best treatment was 25% of MSW, with 17,175 kJ kg-1. Nevertheless, it is strongly advised that further studies related to gas emissions are necessary.

Variação genética para caracteres anatômicos e retração volumétrica e sua correlação com a densidade básica da madeira em uma população base de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn

Eucalyptus camaldulensis has great importance in Brazil because of their phenotypic plasticity for different environmental conditions, as soils, altitudes and rainfall. This study is an investigation of a base population of E. camaldulensis from Australia through a progeny test implanted in Selvíria, MS. The trial was established in a randomized block design, with 25 families and 60 replications of single tree plots. Genetic parameters for anatomic traits and volume shrinkage were estimated, as well as their correlations with wood basic density. No significant differences among progenies were observed for the traits studied. The additive genetic variation coefficient at individual and among progeny levels ranged from low (0.26%) to high (16.98%). The narrow sense heritability at individual and family means levels also ranged from low (0.01) to high (0.87). This indicates that some traits are under strong genetic control and can be improved by selection. In the present situation, in order to attain the highest genetic gains, the sequential selection among and within progeny would be recommended.

Variação genética para caracteres silviculturais e anatômicos da madeira em progênies de Myracrodruon urundeuva (Engler) Fr. Allem

The aims of this study were to evaluate the variation and to estimate genetic parameters for silvicultural anatomic wood traits for genetic breeding of a Myracrodruon urundeuva (Engler) Fr. Allem, population from Selvíria-MS. For this, from samples of a progeny test established in the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira/UNESP, macroscopic anatomic wood traits of M. urundeuva (tangential diameter and vases frequency per mm2) and growth traits were measured (height, DBH and stem form). Genetic parameters were estimated in 28 open-pollinated progenies, in three replications and 10 plants per plot, using a REML/BLUP approach. Between the analysed traits, the DBH is the most indicated for selection for timber production, because it presented the highest values of coefficient of genetic variation, heritabilities and selective accuracy. Between the anatomic traits, the vessels frequency in the pith showed the highest values for genetic parameters. For pulp yield, based on the multi-effect index, the strategy of selecting the best trees for vessels frequency in the pith, independent of the progeny, permitted to obtain substantial gains by mass selection, without progeny test.

Resistance of rose rootstocks to Meloidogyne hapla nematode

Roses are widely used in landscaping. One of the most important fitossanitary problems of this ornamental plant in gardens is the fitonematodes, especially Meloidogyne hapla, which is the most important one in colder climate regions. This work had the objective of study the resistance of nine rose rootstocks (Rosa multiflora 'Paulista', R. multiflora 'Japanese', R. multiflora 'Iowa', R. multiflora 'Kopman's', R. indica × multiflora, R. indica 'Mayor', R. sp. 'Natual Brier', R. manetti and R. canina 'Inermis') to Meloidogyne hapla nematode. Ten replications of each rootstock were used. The roots, collected in a commercial area of cut roses, visually had galls there were isolated and identified. The inoculum of M. hapla was previously produced in rose and tomatoes seedlings under greenhouse conditions. The plants were harvested ninety days after inoculation. The roots were washed and the number of eggs and juveniles recuperated in the root system of each plant was estimated by the Final Population (FP), and the Reproductive Factor (RF) was calculated. The rootstocks with RF<1 values were considered resistant, and the ones with RF>1, susceptible. Rosa manetti and Rosa sp. 'Natual Brier' rootstocks showed the lowest values for RF, indicating that, although they are susceptible, they provide the lowest nematode reproduction. Based on the RF values, it was concluded that all the rose rootstocks evaluated were susceptible to M. hapla nematode.

Influência do cancro basal em Eucalyptus grandis nas propriedades da madeira e polpação kraft

The objective of this research is to assess the influences of basal canker on wood properties for the kraft pulp production. The material consisted of seeded E. grandis trees classified into 4 levels of basal canker severity (0, 1, 2 and 3) and installed in three soil types classified by texture (AQ1 and AQ2 - 10 to 15% clay, and LEm2 - 26 to 35 clay). The sampling consisted of randomly selecting five trees for each for each canker severity level and soil type, totaling 60 trees (4 canker levels x 3 soil types x 5 trees). These trees were fallen and cut into sections at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the commercial height for the collection of disk and logs of wood. The results showed that the soil texture influences in the Eucalyptus canker severity and this fact should be considered when assessing the wood properties and their final destination. The texture of the soil and the severe levels of basal canker influence the wood properties, and therefore the kraft pulping.

Utilização de resíduos e derivados de madeira para confecção de uma guitarra elétrica

The residues generation is a quite serious problem in several industrial areas and also in the lumbering area. The search for the elimination or reduction of the volume of generated residues is endless, however limited, resulting in the search for a proper destination or better use, instead of simply burning it. A lot of uses and services are commonly proposed, but with low aggregated value to the residue. This work shows the usage viability of different discarded residues and wood composites in the production of an electric guitar. Cupiúba, ipê and jatobá residues have been used besides wood composites of pinus. The residues and wood composites have shown appropriate resistance, surfacing quality and design terms, and could be used to substitute the traditionally wood used in the production of the instrument as well as in other products of similar characteristics and with larger aggregated value.

Classificação Estrutural e Qualidade da Madeira do Clone GT 1 de Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg

Latex is the main product extracted from rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). In Brazil, at the end of the production cycle of latex, the wood of rubber tree is traditionally used for energy purposes, but several international studies have reported consolidated practices of adding value to it. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the quality of wood and classify it structurally based on its mechanical properties. Six 20-year-old trees of the clone GT 1 of rubber tree proceeding from Itajobi, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil were sampled. Reduced dimensions specimens in the radial direction of the wood were produced to evaluate the quality by compression parallel to the grain, static bending and Janka hardness tests. Two specimens, one from the lower log (since the ground up to breast height) and one from the higher log (from breast height up to 2.50 m) were produced for structural classification of the wood based on the characteristic strength in compression parallel to the grain (NBR 7190 norm, 1997). The wood was classified as C40 (fc0k ≥ 40 MPa) class. Results revealed that the strength was not statistically different in the radial direction (except for the Janka hardness), though tending to increase from pith to bark.

The nematode community in the Atlantic rainforest lizard Enyalius perditus Jackson, from south-eastern Brazil

Studies focusing on communities of helminths from Brazilian lizards are increasing, but there are many blanks in the knowledge of parasitic fauna of wild fauna. This lack of knowledge hampers understanding of ecological and parasitological aspects of involved species. Moreover, the majority of research has focused on parasitic fauna of lizards from families Tropiduridae and Scincidae. Only a few studies have looked at lizards from the family Leiosauridae, including some species of Enyalius. This study presents data on the gastrointestinal parasite fauna of Enyalius perditus and their relationships with ecological aspects of hosts in a disturbed Atlantic rainforest area in the state of Minas Gerais, south-eastern Brazil. Two nematode species, Oswaldocruzia burseyi [(Molineidae) and Strongyluris oscari (Heterakidae) were found. Nematode species showed an aggregated distribution in this host population, with O. burseyi being more aggregated than S. oscari. The present study extends the range of occurrence of O. burseyi to the Brazilian continental area. © 2011 Cambridge University Press.

Supplementation with protected fat to manage gastro-intestinal nematode infections in Santa Ines sheep

This experiment aimed to determine the influence of supplementation with protected fat on nematode infections in periparturient sheep or sheep in their final stage of pregnancy. Fifty Santa Ines ewes received 200 g of concentrate/animal/day, mineral salt and water and were grouped according to their weight, hematocrit and the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG). Two diets were used: a control treatment and a treatment consisting of supplementation with 30 g/animal/day of protected fat in the concentrate. Three monthly evaluations were performed over a total of 84 days of testing. The variables analyzed were weight, body condition, EPG and coprocultures; blood tests were performed for the determination of packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration and total plasma protein, and leukograms and eosinophil counts were performed. For weight and hemoglobin concentrations, interactions were observed between diet and collection date (P<0.05); body condition, total plasma protein, packed cell volume and total leukocytes did not differ statistically among treatments (P> 0. 05) but did differ by collection day (P <0.05). The EPG and eosinophil counts did not differ statistically by either diet or collection date (P>0.05). The genus Haemonchus was predominant, followed by the genera Cooperia, Trichostrongylus and Oesophagostomum. The protected fat did not decrease EPG and did not improve the blood parameters of infected sheep.

Painéis de partículas de madeira leucena e resina poliuretana derivada de óleo de mamona

This research aimed to test particleboard with leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) wood particles and polyurethane resin castor oil based. The response variables are: modulus of rupture (MOR), internal adhesion (AI), apparent density (dap) and wood moisture content (um). The experiments were developed based on the methodological procedures of the ABNT NBR 14810:2002 standard. The particleboards were manufactured by hot-pressing at 4MPa and 90°C, using timber particles with 5% of moisture content and 10% of monocomponent and bicomponent polyurethane resin. The higher moisture content was achieved when the monocomponent polyurethane resin was used. The bicomponent polyurethane resin provided a percent increase of 43.7% and 22.7% on the modulus of rupture and apparent density, respectively, when compared to the standard limit. The internal adhesion of the panels manufactured with monocomponent resin was 2.45 times higher than the standard limit. The confidence interval between means revealed that the internal adhesion and apparent density exhibited statistical equivalence. A good correlation between the internal adhesion and apparent density was found, for this reason it was possible to estimate the internal adhesion of the panels based on the apparent density data.

A extração e a indústria da madeira no município de Rio Branco - AC

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ensaios de tratamento de efluentes de indústria de chapa dura de fibra de madeira

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caracterização química e energética de briquetes produzidos com rejeitos de resíduos sólidos urbanos e madeira de Eucaliptus grandis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)