Variação na estrutura da vegetação de duas cultivares de Panicum maximum jacq. (colonião e tabiatã) submetidas a diferentes tipos de manejo. Composição em proteína bruta e digestibilidade In vitro da matéria seca

This work was carried out at FCAV-UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal, Brazil, to study the effects of nitrogen fertilization (0 and 50 kg N/ha/cut), three sucessive periods of growth (December 21st 1987, January 25th 1988 and February 29th 1988)) and three cutting ages (28, 35 and 42 days) on composition in crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility of two cultivars of Panicum maximum Jacq. i.e., Coloniao and Tobiata. Plants were harvested in five vertical layers above soil level (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and over 80 cm). The samples were divided in: green leaves, green stems and dry material. Generally, values of in vitro dry matter digestibility and the levels of crude protein of both cultivars were greater in the higher layers of the vegetation, with a decrease, however, for the other layers and more advanced phases of plants development, mainly with no N fertilization.

Potencial alelopático e levantamento do banco natural de sementes sob a copa de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf

the aim of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of soil samples collected under the canopies of three specimens of Copaifera langsdorffii the germination of Lactuca sativa and survey the natural seed bank according to seasonality. To test the allelopathic effect was carried experiments of pre and post-emergence with seeds of L. sativa and to quantify the stock of seeds, soil samples were collected from three specimens at three distances from the stem (1, 2 and 3 m) and at three depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10-15cm) in the region of savanna in the dry and wet seasons. The samples tested in bioassay of pre-emergence no significant influence on germinability, mean germination time and mean germination speed, but showed a difference in the synchronism of germination, these data were independent of sampling station. In test for post-emergence was observed statistical difference in the parameters evaluate (length of primary roots and hypocotyls) in both seasons. To quantify the natural seed bank were macroscopic analysis of each soil sample with the help of stereoscopic microscope. The analysis of the natural seed bank showed a larger number of seeds in the 0-5cm and in distance of 2m for both seasons. The results suggest the presence of allelochemical substances in soil samples collected under the canopy of Copaifera langsdorffii.

Estrutura, ultraestrutura e morfometria da aorta de paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus, 1766) criada em cativeiro

The aim of this study was to describe the morphology, morphometry and ultrastructure of segments of thoracic and abdominal aorta portions in four male and female paca (Cuniculus paca). Parts of the segments were examined by light microscopy and part by scanning electron microscopy. Thickness measurements of the tunica intima and media complex and tunica adventitia of the aorta were taken. In all animals the thickness values for the tunica intima and media complex of the cranial thoracic aorta were significantly higher (mean: 702.19 mu m) when compared to the values of other aortic segments analyzed (means: 354.18 mu m; 243.55 mu m). The layers of the vessel walls show variations in structure and thickness, presumably due to an adaptation to functionaldemand.

Estrutura em quilha Brasil central, uma feicao fundamental na geologia de Goias e Tocantins

The older Precambrian geological setting of north Goias/south Tocantins includes three areas of granite-greenstone terrains formed of medium-grade gneisses with associated greenstone belts and nepheline syenitic gneisses, separated by two orogenic belts composing a crustal-scale pop-up structure. The movements were firstly oblique towards NW along the northwestern NNE-SSW-trending Porto Nacional suture, and afterwards of essentially frontal type towards ESE along the southeastern Ceres suture of curved geometry with N-S direction at north and WNW-ESE at the south. The Porangatu block, limited by these sutures, was upthrusted over the neighbouring underthrusted blocks. Three principal kinematic phases are recognized along the orogenic belts. -from English summary

Estrutura de guildas de polinizacao de Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. e S. variabile Mart. (Solanaceae)

Some aspects of the reproductive biology of Solanum aculeatissimum and S. variabile (Solanaceae) were considered in this study with special reference to floral visitants and their behavior. The most frequent Solanum visitors are bees of the genus Centris, Epicharis, Bombus, Oxaea and Xylocopa that collect pollen from the anthers by means of body vibration. The behavior of those bees on the flowers and their flight distances makes them important pollinators mainly to Solanum aculeatissimum that bears cross-pollination. The guild of pollination of Solanum aculeatissimum and S. variable is composed by bees of the cited genus and by bees of the genus Thygather, Pseudaugochloropsis and Euglossa.

Ultra-estrutura de glândulas abdominais tegumentares em Oxaea flavescens (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Oxaeinae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Microemulsões: Estrutura e aplicações como sistema de liberação de fármacos

Depending on formula composition, microemulsions may be used as a vehicle for drug administration. In this work the main applicable parameters used in the development of pharmaceutical microemulsions (ME) are analyzed. The conceptual description of the system, theoretical parameters related to formation of internal phases and some aspects of ME stability are described. The pseudo ternary phase diagram is used to characterize ME boundaries and to describe different structures in several regions of the diagram. Some applications of ME as drug delivery systems for different administration routes are also analyzed. ME offer advantages as drug delivery systems, because they favor drug absorption, being in most cases faster and more efficient than other methods in delivering the same amount of drug.

Estrutura genética de populações de Trichilia pallida Swartz (Meliaceae) por marcadores RAPD

Trichilia pallida Swartz is an Atlantic Forest shady climax tree of Meliaceae family that presents insecticide properties against chewing insects like as some family trees, making it interesting for forestry uses. Forty plants of Oito Pontas Farm population were collected in Bofete County, Santa Genebra Ecological Station in Campinas County, and Caetetus Ecological Station in Gélia County, all in the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Leaf DNA analysis was used by RAPD method, that showed 10 highly polymorphic primers, with 72 dominant markers, used to estimate genetic diversity within and among populations. The polymorphism within populations varied from 90.3 to 97.2%, and the effective allele number varied from 1.46 ± 0.33 to 1.57 ± 0.33, while the average of genetic differentiation of populations varied from 0.27 ± 0.18 to 0, 33 ± 0.15. The gene diversity in the total population (H T) was 0.334 ± 0.02, while the average gene diversity within populations (H s) was 0.292 ± 0.017, and the coefficient of gene differentiation (G ST) was 0.125, Bofete and Campinas populations had the smallest Nei's genetic distance (0.049) and the distances of both with Gália were 0.117 and 0.107, respectively.

Geração de modelos digitais de superfície por meio de plataformas computacionais com estrutura vetorial e raster

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) integrate the technologies related to Geoprocessing, with the ability to manipulate georeferenced information through data storage, management and analysis. One of the GIS applications is the generation of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) as a result of rebuilding the elevation of a region using computation tools and artificial representation. This paper presents the DEM created from a point base in two computational frameworks with different structures (vector and raster), comparing the contour lines generated from these models with the original contour lines from analog cartographic base. It was observed that one of the generated models presented some discrepancies related to real space for both GIS structures. However, using constrained Delaunay's triangulation in raster GIS a digital elevation model was generated with contour lines quite close to the original ones, with satisfactory results. A 3-D terrain representation was also created offering a very useful tool for analysis.

Efeitos do parasitismo sobre a estrutura branquial de Leporinus macrocephalus Garavello e Britsk, 1988 (Anastomidae) e Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes:Characidae).

This work described the lesions caused in different species of fish by gill parasites from fee-fishing at Guariba, State of São Paulo. The research was developed from april, 1997 to march to 1999, seeking to verified the kind tissues lesions from fish. Of these, forty and seven were Leporinus macrocephalus and fifty and five Piaractus mesopotamicus. About 87.2% of the L. macrocephalus, and 58.1% of the P. mesopotamicus were sponged by several species of parasites. The parasite most abundant in L. macrocephalus was Piscinoodinium pillulare, while monogenean, Trichodina sp and myxosporidian infected P. mesopotamicus. Severe gill lesions have been observed in L. macrocephalus and P. mesopotamicus caused by monogenean, P. pillulare e Trichodina sp. parasitism, such as intersticial hemorrhage, sub-epithelium edema, inflammation, epitelial hiperplasy in filaments and lamina, proliferation of mucosal cells and laminar fusion.

Estrutura térmica identificada por transectos móveis e canal termal do Landsat 7 em cidade tropical

This study aims to examine the thermal structure of the urban climate based on the interpretation of the satellite Landsat 7 (thermal channel) and measures for the area. It identifies how the production of urban climate develops based on an analysis of the structure of space forms and characteristics of land use and constructive materials in the generation of heat islands and their implications in environmental comfort in a tropical climate medium size city at Brazil. To check intra-urban air temperature, measures were carried out in mobile transects in the North-South and East-West routes. Thermal Channel data of Landsat-7, were converted to surface values. The results showed that the pattern of urbanization and characteristics of land use are responsible for the distribution of temperature generating heat islands in downtown and popular densely built neighborhoods. In those cases the highest indexes of social segregation added to higher temperature also provokes elevation in the number of illnesses and morbidity cases, mostly of respiratory diseases.

Estrutura do capim-braquiária durante o diferimento da pastagem

This experiment was performed aiming to evaluate tiller population density, forage mass and its morphological components on pastures of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. during deferment. The treatments encompassed four deferred grazing periods (18, 46, 74 and 121 days). A randomized block design with two replications was used. The numbers of vegetative tillers (VT), reproductive tillers (RT) and dead tillers (DT) in the pasture were determined. The masses of green leaf blade (GLBM), dead stem (DSM) and dead forage (DFM) were also determined. There was a reduction in the number of VT (from 1, 491 to 944 tiller m-2) during the deferment period. RT and DT numbers were not influenced by the deferment periods. Their averages were 211 and 456 tiller m-2, respectively. Longer deferring periods resulted in an increase in GSM (from 2, 965 to 4, 877 kg ha-1 of dry mass) and DFM (from 2, 324 to 4, 823 kg ha-1 of dry mass), but it did not influence GLBM (average of 2, 047 kg ha-1 of dry mass). In Viçosa, Minas Gerais State Brazil, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk pasture fertilized and deferred in the beginning of March must be kept deferred for about 70 days in order to conciliate both quality and quantity forage production.

Fontes proteicas e idades de abate sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado de leitões desmamados

Two experiments (experiment 1 - conventional feeding and experiment 2 - feeding of the sows, starting at 109 days of pregnancy and during lactation, and the lactating piglets, with rations without soybean meal) were conducted to evaluate the effects of sources of protein (soybean meal-SBM, extruded semi-integral soybean-ESISB, and milk products-MP) on the intestinal morphology of piglets slaughtered at the 0, 5 and 15 days later at weaning. Twenty-seven piglets weaned with 25 days of age were used, being nine piglets slaughter in each slaughtering age. A 3 ×3 factorial (3 diets × 3 slaughtering ages) was studied, according to a randomized block design. The results showed that animals receiving SBM, presented lower values of villi height and villus: crypt ratio when compared to those that received ESISB or MP. The villi height and the villus: crypt ratio were not affected by the differential feeding of the sows and of the piglets before the weaning. The depth of the crypt was not affected by diets or slaughtering ages in none of the segments studied being, however, smaller in the duodenum and bigger in the jejunum and ileo of the animals of exp. 2. It was concluded that the SBM was the affected the height of the villi and the relationship villi: Crypt negatively after it weans. The intestinal morphology was more affected at five days, showing signals of recovering at 15 days after weaning and that the feeding of the sows did not affect the morphology of the segments of the thin intestine.

Efeito de três espécies de gramíneas forrageiras sobre a estrutura da pastagem e distribuição vertical de larvas infectantes de nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos

The knowledge of interaction between infective larvae setting and the type of grass is important to epidemiological studies and the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of three species of forage grasses on pasture characteristics and the vertical distribution of infective larvae (L3) of gastrointestinal nematodes of woolless sheep on the grasses during the rainy season. Sixty non-periparturients ewes were used, naturally infected, equally distributed on 2ha paddocks sowed with Tanzania, star, and gamba grasses, managed under continuous grazing system, from October 2003 to March 2004, at Santa Bárbara farm, Barreiras-Bahia-Brazil. Data of three samples between December 2003 and March 2004 were analyzed by SAS, using split-plot design, with 10 replications. Infective larvae of Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were observed on forage in all stratus of vertical layer of the grasses without a defined pattern. Pastures with different characteristics under continuous grazing system had good conditions for developing infective larvae of sheep.

Estrutura, ultraestrutura e morfometria da veia cava de paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766) criada em cativeiro

The paca (Cuniculus paca) is the second largest rodent of the Brazilian fauna. The excellent meat quality of this specie encourages the development of their commercial production. Moreover, this animal can become a viable alternative for animal experimentation although there exists scarce detailed information concerning their morphology. Therefore the purpose of this study is to describe the morphology, morphometry and ultrastructure in segments of the cranial and caudal portions of vena cava in four adult males and females of Cuniculus paca from the squad of Wild Animals Sector of Animal Science Department of FCAV-Unesp. Parts of the segments were examined by light microscopy and part by scanning electron microscopy. Thickness measures of the tunica intima and media complex and tunica adventitia of the vena cava were taken and analyzed using T test (p<0.05). In vena cava the thickness values of the intima, media and adventitia, for all animals, were significantly higher in the cranial segment. The layers of the vessel walls showed variations in structure and thickness, presumably due to an adaptation to functional demand.