Conservação pós-colheita de figos verdes (Ficus carica L.) cv. roxo de Valinhos tratados com hipoclorito de sódio e armazenados sob refrigeração em atmosfera modificada passiva

Os principais causadores de perdas da qualidade de figos são: colheita e embalagens inadequadas, falta de padronização do produto na classificação e péssimas condições de transporte e armazenamento. Com este trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da imersão em hipoclorito, tipo de embalagem e refrigeração na conservação pós-colheita de figos verdes, cv. Roxo de Valinhos, mediante as características físicas, físico-químicas e químicas, durante o armazenamento. Após seleção, os figos foram imersos ou não em solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 40 ppm conforme os tratamentos, secos ao ar e embalados em filme de PVC de 50 m ou sacos plásticos. Após os tratamentos, os frutos foram submetidos a armazenamento refrigerado (1ºC e 70% de UR em BOD), por um período de 35 dias, sendo avaliados a cada 7 dias. O uso da embalagem reduziu drasticamente a perda de massa dos figos. Frutos não embalados apresentaram-se mais ácidos e com menores teores de açúcares. Com o uso da embalagem, os figos podem ser comercializados até os 35 dias de armazenamento desde que armazenados a 1ºC e 70% de UR em BOD. Já os figos não embalados, estes podem ser comercializados somente até os 2 dias de armazenamento sob refrigeração.

Eficiência de absorção, transporte e utilização de macronutrientes por porta-enxertos de caramboleira, cultivados em soluções nutritivas

O estado nutricional de plantas cultivadas em solução nutritiva pode ser influenciado pelo tipo de solução utilizada, afetando desta forma seu adequado crescimento. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a exigência nutricional de porta-enxertos de caramboleira, cultivados em quatro diferentes soluções nutritivas. O delineamento experimental empregado foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, tendo como tratamentos as quatro soluções. Como solução padrão foi utilizada a de Hoagland & Arnon, comparada à outras três soluções. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de casa-de-vegetação, em recipientes plásticos com 8 L de capacidade. Após 150 dias do transplantio, foram determinados a matéria seca e o teor de nutrientes, inferindo-se o conteúdo dos macronutrientes na planta. Com esses resultados calculou-se os índices: eficiência de absorção; eficiência de transporte e eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes. As soluções nutritivas de Sarruge, de Castellane & Araújo e de Furlani foram semelhantes na produção de matéria seca das plantas de caramboleira. O uso da solução nutritiva de Hoagland & Arnon resultou em menor produção de matéria seca das caramboleiras, e, também, menor eficiência de utilização de Ca e Mg pelas plantas. A eficiência de transporte dos nutrientes foi a mais afetada pelas soluções nutritivas utilizadas, enquanto a eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes sofreu pouca variação em função das soluções empregadas.

Aspectos fisiológicos, comportamentais e produtivos de cabras Alpinas submetidas ao transporte

Objetivou-se avaliar as alterações fisiológicas, produtivas e comportamentais em cabras da raça Alpina submetidas ao transporte. Foram utilizadas 12 cabras pluríparas em final de lactação. A produção, composição e contagem de células somáticas do leite e as respostas comportamentais das cabras durante a ordenha foram mensuradas três dias antes, no dia e três dias após o transporte. Também foram colhidas amostras de sangue antes (-120 e -10 minutos) e após (10 e 120 minutos) o transporte para determinação dos níveis de cortisol e glicose. Entre os comportamentos estudados durante a ordenha, apenas sobrepasso e coçar foram significativamente influenciados pelo transporte. Também foram observados aumentos significativos nos níveis de glicose e cortisol 10 minutos após o transporte. Os níveis de glicose permaneceram elevados até 120 minutos após o transporte, enquanto os de cortisol aos 120 minutos foram semelhantes aos observados antes do transporte. O transporte com retorno às instalações conhecidas e ao manejo rotineiro de ordenha causa pequenas alterações fisiológicas e comportamentais que não alteram significativamente a produção, a composição e a contagem de células somáticas do leite.

Avaliação de uma Técnica de Diluição e Transporte de Sêmen Eqüino, para as Condições Brasileiras

Ninety-seven Mangalarga Marchador mares were allocated in a randomized experimental design, with different number of replicates per treatments. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of raw (T3) or diluted, cooled semen transported to the breeding farms 1 (T1) and 3 (T2), on mare fertility and different aspects of reproductive efficiency. The mares were inseminated, with semen of only one stallion (Farm 2), on alternate days using different inseminating volumes, according to number of inseminated mares per day using only one ejaculate. For transportation, semen diluted in a lactose-egg yolk modified extender and the MSP-2 container were used. There was no difference among treatments in relation to conception rates of mares inseminated with raw or diluted, cooled and transported semen. Regardless of the farm, the total fertility obtained with cooled semen was 80% (52/65). The following variables were not affected by the treatments: cycles/mare, cycles/pregnant mare, cycles/pregnancy, pregnancy/cycle, number of inseminations/mare, number of inseminations/pregnant mare, number of inseminations/open mare and efficiency of pregnancy. However, the breeding farm had an effect on water and semen temperature in the container, time between collection and insemination, according to time and distance covered. Based on the results, cooling and transporting equine semen, using an extender, lactose-egg yolk without glycerine and the MSP-2 container should be recommended for short distances. The use of raw semen immediately after collection is also recommended.

Cinética do transporte jejunal de glicose em ratos com deficiência de niacina.

The kinetic of jejunal glucose transport was studied using perfused rat jejunum in vivo. Ninety rats were fed a diet deficient in niacin and 90 a control diet. The jejunal loops of 7 groups of animal were infused each group with one of following solutions of glucose: 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 300 mM/l. The Vmax and Km values were determined. The results showed that the vitamin-deficient rats absorbed less glucose independently of the amount infused and these animals had lower Vmax (133.7 microM/15 min/15 cm) and Km (192.1 mM/l) than control groups (294.1 microM/15 min/15 cm and 171.8 mM/l, respectively). In conclusion one can assume that niacin deficiency leads to a decreased glucose absorption in the jejunal loops, when tested as in our experimental model.

Transporte jejunal eletrogênico da glicose em ratos com deficiência de niacina.

The active electrogenic absorption of glucose was studied in 12 niacin deficient rats using a method for measuring changes in transmural potential difference across jejunal mucosa. The glucose was infused in 6 different concentrations (2.5; 5.0; 10.0; 20.0; 50.0 and 100.0 mM/L) at a constant rate of 1.7 ml per minute. The apparent kinetic parameters (Km and Pdmax) of active electrogenic transport were obtained graphically from curves of glucose transfer potentials. The results were compared with that obtained in a control group. The curve of glucose transfer potential in niacin deficient group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The apparent Km of niacin deficient group was greater than in the control group (16.1 x 12.7 mM/L). Furthermore, the Pdmax of the deficient group was lower than that of the control group (12.5 x 19.4 mV). The results showed that in niacin deficiency occurs a decreasing of the active electrogenic glucose absorption. One of the possible interpretation of the differences in the kinetic characteristics of electrogenic glucose transport would be a depleted energy supplement for the active transport in the enterocyte of the niacin deficient rats.

Variação da massa específica da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis aos 8 anos de idade em função de diferentes níveis de produtividade

It were analyzed Eucalyptus grandis trees of 8 years old in the forest group of Duraflora S/A, with different annual increments based on volume, to the related studies of specific gravity values based on productivity indexes. The methodology used in analysis of specific gravity was the gamma-ray attenuation technique of Americium-241. The Eucalyptus grandis showed a specific gravity decreasing with the increasing of parcel productivity. For a gain of 3,5 m3 in productivity there was a decreasing of 1% in specific gravity. Nevertheless, it was not observed correlation between specific gravity and basal area in a same parcel. The present work stands out too, some of the difficulties found with relation to wood specific gravity determinations and emphasize the importance of take samples in the form of full rounded plates in three or four relative positions in the tree.

Efeito da calagem e sulfato de amônio no algodão. I - Transporte de cátions e ânions no solo

Applying lime on the soil surface in soils managed under no-tillage has caused an excess of basic cations in the most superficial layers of the soil profile. On the other hand, subsoil acidity is considered a constraint to the development of deep plant roots. The objective of this study was to evaluate Ca 2+, Mg 2+, NO 3- and SO 4 2- leaching in the soil profile as affected by liming and top dressing nitrogen fertilization in cotton, grown with straw cover on the soil surface. Cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum) were grown for 60 days in PVC columns filled with a Distroferric Red Latosol (sand loam Rhodic Oxisol) with liming applied over the straw on the soil surface, incorporated liming 0-20 cm deep, or without liming. Nitrogen was applied at rates of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha -1 as ammonium sulfate. The PVC columns were set up in layers of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-30 cm, totaling 15.71 dm 3. The ammonium sulfate application caused intense leaching of SO 4 2- in the soil, irrespective of the lime application method. Liming increased the concentration of NO 3 in the 0-20 cm soil layer, whereas the correction of the soil acidity did not affect the NO 3- concentration in the 30-50 cm soil layer. The influence of ammonium sulfate on Ca 2+ leaching below 20 cm was only observed in the soil with incorporated lime. Nitrogen application resulted in extensive Mg 2+ leaching from the soil, regardless of the lime application method. In the soil layer below 30 cm, SO 4 2- presented a higher correlation than NO 3- in the formation of ionic pairs with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+.

Enxertia e água de irrigação carbonatada no transporte de 15N e na produção do tomateiro

The effects of CO2 application through irrigation water, and of grafting in transport of 15N and in the tomato production, were studied. These treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (with and without CO2 in irrigation water and grafted and non-grafted tomato), in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The injection of CO2 into the water began at 34 days after transplant of seedlings (DAT) and continued for all irrigations. The application of the sulfate of ammonium with abundance in atoms of 15N of 3.13% in plants destined to analysis was done at 45 DAT when the plants were in the middle of fructification. After 14 days of fertilizer (15N) application the plants were harvested, washed, dried and sent for analysis of 15N in plant tissue. The results demonstrated that CO2 and the grafting did not alter the transport of 15N in the plant. The production of commercial fruits was larger when CO2 was applied in water.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Brachiaria e avaliação da produtividade de massa seca em diferentes sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária sob irrigação

The speed and magnitude of tropical pastures expansion in Brazil are related to the availability of quality seeds. This research aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds of two Brachiaria species submitted to germination and viability tests and also estimate, for both species, the fresh and dry mass yield, under different irrigated crop-livestock integration systems. For field analysis, the experimental design was a randomized complete block, in subplots, with four intercrops in the plot (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and Brachiaria ruziziensis simultaneously established with corn and nitrogen fertilization coverage), and four forage cutting times, in the winter/spring season, in subplots, with four replications. In the laboratory, the experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications per treatment/test. The germination and viability tests indicated that B. brizantha seeds showed higher physiological quality, when compared with B. ruziziensis, while the tetrazolium test and germinated seedlings characteristics were similar. The B. ruziziensis, simultaneously intercropped with corn, was the less viable intercrop, due to the lower fresh and dry mass yield and litter deposition on the soil surface. In general, the pasture formation for the second season cultivation, intercropped with corn, was an excellent alternative for crop-livestock integration under a no-tillage system.

Massa seca e composição bromatológica de quatro espécies de braquiárias semeadas na linha ou a lanço, em consórcio com milho no sistema plantio direto na palha

The objective of this research was to evaluate the dry mass yield and chemical composition of four Brachiaria species in different options for sowing, exclusively or in intercrop with corn crop, under a no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out during the growing seasons of 2006 at FEPE (FE/Unesp, Ilha Solteira Campus) located in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The soil of the experimental area was classified as distroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme (4 × 4), with five replications. The treatments consisted of four Brachiaria species (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria ruziziensis and Mulato II grass) grown in rows and spread on total area, exclusively or intercropped simultaneously with corn crop sowing. The study evaluated the dry mass yield and total digestible nutrients, crude protein, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin content of forage. The spread on total area intercrop of forages with corn crop proved to be viable by presenting similar dry mass yield to exclusive sowing arrangements, conversely to what happened with intercrop in row of corn crop, which decreased such yield. Brachiaria ruziziensis showed superior chemical composition and the intercrops increased energy and crude protein contents, and decreased cell wall components.

Determinação da massa seca, teor de nutrientes e cobertura do solo de espécies semeadas no outono-inverno

Culture options for the autumn-winter season are a major problem for production systems under low rainfall. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the sowing season on dry matter yield, nutrient content of the shoot and soil covering percentage of coverage plants on the soil on the intercrop: grain sorghum, rattlepods, pearl millet brachiaria grass and an area with weeds (fallow). The experiment was conducted under field conditions on an Oxisol (Haplustox), clay texture, in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block design with eight replications, two sowing seasons and five coverage treatments. When the sorghum culture of the first sowing season reached the harvest stage, the dry matter yield on the other treatments was evaluated. Results showed that sowing in March results in higher dry mass yield and higher soil coverage percentage in the studied species. In the first sowing season, Brachiaria brizantha presents higher dry matter yield and macronutrients extraction.

Nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio na produção de massa seca e no acúmulo de nutrientes em mudas de limeira ácida 'tahiti'

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Variabilidade temporal no transporte de sedimentos no rio Ivaí - Paraná (1977-2007)

This paper evaluates the behavior of suspended sediment load of the river Ivaí over a period of 32 years measured by the station further downstream the river (Novo Porto Taquara). The most suitable parameters for this assessment were the annual discharge of suspended sediment and water obtained from SUDERSA. The relationship between the concentration of suspended sediment and discharge of water had not a very good correlation (R 2 = 0,56) and hysteresis effect is quite clear. The justification for this behavior is given by the heterogeneity of the hydrological regime and basin occupation. There were no significant changes in annual flows which have remained the same during the study period. Already the discharge of suspended sediment showed a small gradual decline in which the end of the period (2007), the river carries less than 0.65 Mton at the beginning (1977). This reduction in suspended sediment transported is probably due to changes in soil management for agriculture.