Avaliação de forrageiras de inverno irrigadas sob pastejo

O experimento foi conduzido na UNESP - Jaboticabal com o objetivo de obter informações sobre o rendimento de matéria seca (RMS) e composição química das forrageiras de inverno, aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) e triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), em plantio direto sob palhada de área com milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum.) ou híbrido sorgo sudão (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench x Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf) submetidas a pastejo. A forragem foi rebaixada por vacas da raça Holandês. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, sendo analisado nas parcelas as espécies forrageiras e nas sub-parcelas as épocas de pastejo, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados foram: AS: Aveia Preta sobre palhada de sorgo; AM: Aveia preta sobre palhada de milheto; TS: Triticale sobre palhada de sorgo; e, TM: Triticale sobre palhada de milheto. As pastagens apresentaram RMS semelhantes e, em relação às épocas de avaliação observou-se menor rendimento no segundo corte. Foram observados maiores teores de PB e de FDA na forragem colhida no primeiro corte e de hemicelulose no segundo corte, enquanto os valores de FDN não foram diferentes. A forragem de triticale apresentou menor conteúdo de PB e maiores teores de constituintes da parede celular.

Composição química, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e da energia de diferentes milhetos (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) em suínos

Foram conduzidos dois ensaios de digestibilidade, objetivando-se estudar o valor nutricional de quatro diferentes milhetos (BN2, COMUM, IAPAR e IAPAR-REPASSE) processados em moinhos com três tipos de peneiras (diâmetros de furo de 3, 2 e 1 mm). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade (CD) da energia bruta (CDEB) e o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade (CM) da energia bruta (CMEB) relativos à peneira de 3 mm foram: 63,09 e 61,20% (COMUM); 71,57 e 69,66% (IAPAR) e 67,39 e 65,60% (BN2). Os CD e CM da energia do COMUM foram inferiores ao IAPAR e ambos foram semelhantes ao BN2. O IAPAR-REPASSE apresentou CDEB de 70,62% e CMEB de 68,49%, semelhante ao IAPAR. O IAPAR-1 mm apresentou maior CDEB e CMEB (84,61 e 81,41%) que o IAPAR-3 mm (70,59 e 68,71%) e o IAPAR-2 mm (77,73 e 75,46%). Os valores de energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM) para o IAPAR (3 mm) foram de 3.030 kcal/kg e 3.001 kcal/kg, respectivamente. Verificou-se ED de 3.083 e 3.355 kcal/kg e em de 2.993 e 3.228 kcal/kg para o IAPAR (2 e 1 mm). O IAPAR-REPASSE apresentou valores de 2.849 kcal/kg (ED) e 2.763 kcal/kg (EM), enquanto o COMUM (3 e 2 mm), de 2.574 e 3.022 kcal/kg (ED) e 2.497 e 2.932 kcal/kg (EM), e o BN2 (3 e 2 mm), de 2.692 e 3.047 kcal/kg (ED) e 2.620 e 2.966 kcal/kg (EM). As diferentes variedades de milheto apresentaram variações em sua composição química que resultaram em diferenças no valor nutricional, sendo o milheto IAPAR o que apresentou melhor valor, seguido pelo BN2 e o COMUM.

Efeito de resíduos vegetais de milheto (Pennisetum americanum) e da calagem em algumas propriedades físicas e químicas de um nitossolo vermelho em sistema de semeadura direta

This work studied alterations of physical properties of a distroferric red nitosol due to millet (Pennisetum americanum) covering, with or without liming, in a no-tillage system during the agricultural years of 1999/2000 and 2000/2001, using soybean and corn as culture succession. 6m×10m plots, with and without millet as vegetal covering, received only one initial superficial application of limestone, 3.1 t ha-1 in the first half of each plot in order to obtain 70% base saturation (V), after the desiccation of the millet. Some physical properties as soil density, aggregate stability, > 2 mm aggregate proportion, macro and micro porosity were analyzed whereas the chemical analysis determined Ca and Mg macro nutrients, organic matter, soil pH and H+Al. Millet vegetal residues and surface liming did not alter soil density nor the average weight diameter (AWD), > 2 mm aggregate, soil macro porosity and organic matter content, twenty-four months after the no-tillage system implantation for studied experimental conditions. Soil micro porosity was significantly affected in layers deeper than 0.20 m, in treatment with millet and limestone. Calcium, magnesium and H + Al contents and the soil pH values suffered significant alterations in superficial layer, between 0-0.05 m.

Isolation of lignans glycosides from Alibertia sessilis (Vell.) K. Schum. (Rubiaceae) by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography

Enantiomeric aglycone lignans contained in a mixture were separated from a fraction of the extract of the stems of Alibertia sessilis (Vell.) K. Schum. (Rubiaceae) by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. An efficient and fast separation can be achieved with methanol-water (30:70, v/v). Their structures were identified as (+)-lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-glucopyranoside and (-)-lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-glucopyranoside, being reported for the first time in Rubiaceae.

A new ent-kaurane diterpene from stems of Alibertia macrophylla K. Schum. (Rubiaceae)

Phytochemical investigations of the stems of a specimen of Alibertia macrophylla led to the isolation and characterization of the new diterpene ent-kaurane-2β,3α,16α-triol (1), along with triterpenes 2-8, iridoids 9-12, and phenolic acids 13-15. The structure of 1 was established based on spectroscopic studies (1H- and 13C-NMR, IR, and HR-ESI-MS). This is the first report of the isolation of a diterpene from the Alibertia genus in Rubiaceae. © 2007 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta AG.

A new antifungal phenolic glycoside derivative and iridoids and lignans from Alibertia sessilis (Vell.) K. Schum. (Rubiaceae)

A new antifungal phenolic glycoside, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1-O-β-D- (5-O-syringoyl)-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), together with four known iridoids, geniposidic acid (2), geniposide (3), 6α-hydroxygeniposide (4) and 6β-hydroxygeniposide (5); two lignans, (+)-lyoniresinol-3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), (-)-lyoniresinol- 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7); and two phenolic acids, chlorogenic (8) and salicylic acids (9) and D-manitol (10), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the stems of Alibertia sessilis. Structures of 1 and of the known compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis. All compounds isolated were evaluated for their antifungal activities against two phytopathogenic fungi strains Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum by direct bioautography. ©2007 Sociedade Brasileira de Química.

Efeito de resíduos vegetais de milheto (Pennisetum americanum) e da calagem em algumas propriedades físicas de um nitossolo vermelho em sistema de semeadura direta

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Coléteres dendróides em Alibertia sessilis (Vell.) K.Schum.(Rubiaceae)

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica) - IBB

Desenvolvimento do sistema radicular do milheto (Pennisetum americanum L.) em duas classes de solo em densidade e diferentes profundidades da camada compactada

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desenvolvimento do sistema radicular de amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus, variedade BRS Alegria), de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.), variedade BN-2) e de pé de galinha (Eleusine coracana L.) em duas classes de solo e quatro densidades

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Sistema vascular e atividade cambial em Alibertia concolor (Cham) k. Schum. (Rubiaceae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeitos da substituição do grão de milho pelo de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Br.) na digestibilidade dos nutrientes e no desempenho de bovinos confinados

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FEIS

Diversidade genética em coleções amazônicas de germoplasma de cupuaçuzeiro [Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum.]

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and relatedness of 24 accessions of Theobroma grandiflorum, originating from three units of Embrapa, aiming their use as parents in hybridization specie programs. The genetic markers used were heterologous microsatellite loci developed for cocoa. In the population studied 45 alleles were found. The effective average number of alleles per locus (2.33) was less than the average number of alleles per locus (3.21), indicating that many alleles have low frequency. The observed heterozygosity at polymorphic loci ranged from 0.33 to 1.00 with a mean of 0.54 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.48 to 0.76 with a mean of 0.54. The fixation index medium between loci (0.003) was not significantly different from zero. The estimate of relatedness between pairs of individuals indicates that some may be relatives, including half-brothers and clones. The results suggest that the accesses of T. grandiflorum analyzed contain a moderate level of genetic diversity and absence of inbreeding and therefore great potential for use in breeding programs.

Efeito de diferentes herbicidas, doses e volume de calda na dessecação de milheto [Pennisetum glaucum (L. Leek)]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of different herbicides applied in post-emergence in the desiccation of pearl millet with different doses and spray volumes. For the desiccation, doses at 0, 25, 50 and 100% of the herbicide glyphosate (1,440 g ha-1) were used in 3 formulations (Original Round up, Round up Transorb and Round up WG), paraquat + diuron (500 + 250 g ha-1) and glufosinateammonium (800 g ha-1). In all treatments, 2 spray volumes (200 and 400 l ha-1) were used, and there was 1 treatment (control) without the application of herbicides. The treatment effects were evaluated visually at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application (DAA). At the end of the evaluations, the dry mass of the plants was determined. The field trial was carried out in randomized block design. At the end of the study, at 28 DAA, all treatments presented total control of plant pearl millet, regardless of the dose and spray volume, except the treatments with paraquat + diuron and glufosinate-ammonium at the lower dose (25%), in 2 spray volumes, which nevertheless showed good and very good control, these two herbicides presenting an effect of volume, in which the control was higher with the use of smaller volume.

Allelopathic plants. 7. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Sunflower is an annual dicotyledonous plant, herbaceous, erect and native of North America. It is thermo- and photo-insensitive, hence, can be grown round the year in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Only two spp. H. annuus and H. tuberosum are cultivated for food, remaining spp. are ornamentals, weeds and wild plants. However, H. annuus is allelopathic and inhibit the growth and development of other plants thus reducing their productivity. Much information is available about the allelopathic effects of sunflower crop on following crops in crop rotations. Although it is harmful to all crops, but, is less harmful to crops of Graminae family than other families. It seems that the harmful effects of sunflower in crop rotations are due to release and accumulation of root exudates during crop growth in soil. Soil incorporation of its fresh (green manure) or dry biomass in soil is inhibitory to both crops and weed spp. Several allelochemicals have been characterized from the H. annuus, which inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of A. albus, A. viridis, Agropyron repens (Elymus repens), Ambrosia artemsiifolia, Avena fatua, Celosia crustata, Chenopodium album, Chloris barbara, Cynodon dactylon, D. sanguinalis, Dactyloctenium ageyptium, Digitaria ciliaris, Echinochloa crus-galli, Flaveria australasica, Parthenium hysterophorus, Portulaca oleracea, Sida spinosa, Trianthema portulacastrum, Veronica perisca the inhibitory effects of this crop may be used for weed management with less herbicides for sustainable agriculture.