Heat transfer in packed beds: experimental evaluation of one-phase water flow

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Evolution of subpatent parasitaemia in Trypanosoma cruzi chronically infected mice with the help of a cyclophosphamide amplification transfer assay

Avaliamos o potencial do ensaio clássico de subinoculação, modificado pelo tratamento com ciclofosfamida dos animais receptores, na detecção de parasitemias ocultas em camundongos com in-fecção crônica pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. O ensaio, além de simples, mostrou ter uma alta sensibilidade; assim, utilizando-se parasitas da fase aguda, o tratamento com ciclofosfamida revelou parasitemias em 53,8% dos animais infectados com um tripanosoma da cepa y, e em 20% dos animais infectados com um tripanosoma da cepa CL. O tratamento com ciclofosfamida aumentou a sensibilidade do ensaio de subinoculação nas infecções pela cepa CL, e resultou em igual sensibilidade quando utilizada a cepa Y. Nos camundongos de fase crônica, obtidos a partir de diversos esquemas de imunoprofilaxia (BCG, soro de camundongo imune) ou quimioterapia, o ensaio revelou parasitemias ocultas em 99% dos animais. Auxiliados pelo método da subinoculação-ciclofosfamida estudamos no espaço de um ano a evolução das parasitemias ocultas em um grupo de camundongos infectados que sobreviveram à fase aguda pelo tratamento com Benzonidazol. O ensaio revelou parasitemias ocultas em 100% dos animais. Entretanto, padrões contínuos e discontinuos de positividade puderam ser detectados.

Transfer coefficient measurements of uranium to the organs of Wistar rats, as a function of the uranium content in the food

Groups of animals (Wistar rats) were fed with rations doped with uranyl nitrate at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 100 ppm. The uranium content in the ashes of the organs was measured by the neutron-fission track counting technique. The most striking result is that the transfer coefficients, as a function of the uranium concentration, exhibit a concave shape with a minimum around 20ppm-U for all organs. Explanations to interpret this finding are tentatively given. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Time dependence and energy-transfer mechanisms in Tm3+Ho3+ and Tm3+-Ho3+ co-doped alkali niobium tellurite glasses sensitized by Yb3+

Glass samples with the composition (mol%) 80TeO(2)-10Nb(2)O(5)-5K(2)O-5Li(2)O, stable against crystallization, were prepared containing Yb3+, Tm3+ and Ho3+. The energy transfer and energy back transfer mechanisms in samples containing 5% Yb3+-5% Tm3+ and 5% Yb3+-5% Tm3+-0.5% Ho3+ were estimated by measuring the absorption and fluorescence spectra together with the time dependence of the Yb3+ F-2(5/2) excited state. A good fit for the luminescence time evolution was obtained with the Yokota-Tanimoto's diffusion-limited model. The up-conversion fluorescence was also studied in 5% Yb-5% Tm. 5% Yb-0.5% Ho and 5% Yb-5% Tm-0.5% Ho tellurite glasses under laser excitation at 975 nm. Strong emission was observed from (1)G(4) and F-3(2) Tm3+ energy levels in all samples. The S-5(2) Ho3+ emission was observed only in Yb3+Ho3+ samples being completely quenched in Yb3+/Tm3+/Tm3+ samples. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Electron transfer between adjacent layers in self-assembled films

A simple model of electron transfer is adapted to explain fluorescence quenching in self-assembled films of poly( p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) alternating with poly(thiophene acetic acid) (PTAA). Quenching is caused by a photo-induced electron transfer between the excited PPV (donor, D) and the PTAA (acceptor, A). The electron-transfer process can be mediated by insertion of electronically inert spacing bilayers between the D and A layers, As the number of bilayers is increased, the fluorescence is gradually recovered which is explained theoretically by assuming that the electron-transfer rate can be described as k = Z exp(- beta r) where r is the distance between D and A. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Ligand-rare-earth ion energy transfer in coordination compounds. A theoretical approach

A theoretical approach to the energy transfer process that occurs between a ligand and a rare-earth ion in luminescent complexes is presented. A discussion on the energy transfer mechanisms involved and on the associated selection rules is made. Numerical estimates are also presented.

Ytterbium-induced energy-transfer upconversion enhancement in Nd3+/Pr3+-codoped PbGeO3-PbF2-CdF2 glass excited at 810nm

The effect of ytterbium ions upon energy transfer (ET) excited upconversion emission in Nd3+/Pr3+ -codoped PbGeO3-PbF2-CdF2 glass under 810 nm diode laser excitation is investigated. The results revealed that the presence of Yb3+ ions in the Nd3+/Pr3+-doped sample yields a fourfold enhancement in the visible and near infrared upconversion luminescence. The dependence of the upconversion process upon the excitation power, Nd3+, and Yb3+ concentrations is examined. The results indicated that ytterbium plays a major role in the ET upconversion process by bridging the 810nm neodymium excitation to praseodymium ions. The population of the Pr3+ ions P-3(0) emitting level was accomplished through a multi-ion interaction involving ground-state and excited-state absorption of pump photons at 810 nm by the Nd3+ followed by successive ET involving the Nd3+-Yb3+ and Yb3+-Pr3+ pairs. There is also direct ET Nd3+-Pr3+. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The energy landscape for solvent dynamics in electron transfer reactions: A minimalist model

Energy fluctuations of a solute molecule embedded in a polar solvent are investigated to depict the energy landscape for solvation dynamics. The system is modeled by a charged molecule surrounded by two layers of solvent dipolar molecules with simple rotational dynamics. Individual solvent molecules are treated as simple dipoles that can point toward or away from the central charge (Ising spins). Single-spin-flip Monte Carlo kinetics simulations are carried out in a two-dimensional lattice for different central charges, radii of outer shell, and temperatures. By analyzing the density of states as a function of energy and temperatures, we have determined the existence of multiple freezing transitions. Each of them can be associated with the freezing of a different layer of the solvent. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Transfer of radon and parent nuclides U-238 and U-234 from soils of the Mendip Hills area, England, to the water phase

Laboratory time scale experiments were conducted on soils from the Mendip Hills area, England, with the purpose of evaluating the release of Rn-222 and their parent nuclides U-238 and U-234 to the water phase and to determine the influence of parameters that can affect the geochemical behaviour of these nuclides in natural systems. The specific surface area of the samples ranged from 43.8 to 52.5 cm(2) g(-1), where the particle size for all soil horizons is lognormally distributed, with modal values of the particle radius undersize ranging from 107 up to 203 mu m. The values for the released radon were between 26 and 194 pCi, which allowed to estimate emanation coefficients for these materials between 0.1 and 0.2, within the context of other values reported elsewhere. Soils derived from Carboniferous limestone and characterized by higher pH, exchangeable calcium, and the presence of U, but with a lower U-231/U-238 activity ratio, yielded the highest values for released Rn; however, this trend was not observed for dissolved U and its respective U-234/U-238 activity ratio, when considering the less aggressive etchant. Uranium is mobilized from rock matrix to A and B horizons in the analysed soil profiles, where its enrichment is about 10 times higher in soils derived from Carboniferous limestone. These data also permitted an evaluation of a theoretical model for the generation of Rn in soils and its transfer to water, in order to interpret the radioactivity due to this gas in groundwaters from the Mendip Hills district, England. (C) 1999 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All lights reserved.

The transfer of uranium isotopes U-234 and U-238 to the waters interacting with carbonates from Mendip Hills area (England)

Laboratory time-scale experiments were conducted on limestone and dolomite gravels from the Mendip Hills area, England, with the purpose of evaluating the release of U-238 and U-234 to different aqueous solutions. The U-234/U-238 activity ratio (AR) lab data were reliable to interpret the field data. The obtained values do not indicate a reduction in the amount of dissolved U and an increase in the AR of the remaining dissolved U as commonly observed for groundwater systems close to redox boundaries. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mechanism of the Yb-Er energy transfer in fluorozirconate glass

The mechanism of the Yb(3+)-->Er(3+) energy transfer as a function of the donor and the acceptor concentration was investigated in Yb(3+)-Er(3+) codoped fluorozirconate glass. The luminescence decay curves were measured and analyzed by monitoring the Er(3+)((4)I(11/2)) fluorescence induced by the Yb(3+)((2)F(5/2)) excitation. The energy transfer microparameters were determined and used to estimate the Yb-Er transfer rate of an energy transfer process assisted by excitation migration among donors state (diffusion model). The experimental transfer rates were determined from the best fitting of the acceptor luminescence decay obtained using a theoretical approach analog to that one used in the Inokuti-Hirayama model for the donor luminescence decay. The obtained values of transfer parameter gamma [gamma(exp)] were always higher than that predicted by the Inokuti-Hirayama model. Also, the experimental transfer rate, gamma(2)(exp), was observed to be higher than the transfer rate predicted by the migration model. Assuming a random distribution among excited donors at the initial time (t=0) and that a fast excitation migration, which occurs in a very short time (t

Red-green-blue upconversion emission and energy-transfer between Tm3+ and Er3+ ions in tellurite glasses excited at 1.064 mu m

Red, green, and blue emission through frequency upconversion and energy-transfer processes in tellurite glasses doped with Tm3+ and Er3+ excited at 1.064 mum is investigated. The Tm3+/Er3+-codoped samples produced intense upconversion emission signals at around 480, 530, 550 and 660 nm. The 480 nm blue emission was originated from the (1)G(4)-->H-3(6) transition of the Tm3+ ions excited by a multiphoton stepwise phonon-assisted excited-state absorption process. The 5 30, 5 50 nm green and 660 mn red upconversion luminescences were identified as originating from the H-2(11/2), S-4(3/2) --> I-4(15/2) and F-4(9/2) --> I-4(15/2) transitions of the Er3+ ions, respectively, populated via efficient cross-relaxation processes and excited-state absorption. White light generation employing a single infrared excitation source is also examined. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. (USA). All rights reserved.

Multiple events of horizontal transfer of the Minos transposable element between Drosophila species

In this study the Minos element was analyzed in 26 species of the repleta group and seven species of the saltans group of the genus Drosophila. The PCR and Southern blot analysis showed a wide occurrence of the Minos transposable element among species of the repleta and the saltans groups and also a low number of insertions in both genomes. Three different analyses, nucleotide divergence, historical associations, and comparisons between substitution rates (d(N) and d(S)) of Minos and Adh host gene sequences, suggest the occurrence of horizontal transfer between repleta and saltans species. These data reinforce and extend the Arca and Savakis [Genetica 108 (2000) 263] results and suggest five events of horizontal transfer to explain the present Minos distribution: between D. saltans and the ancestor of the mulleri and the mojavensis clusters; between D. hydei and the ancestor of the mulleri and the mojavensis clusters; between D. mojavensis and D. aldrichi; between D. buzzatii and D. serido; and between D. spenceri and D. emarginata. An alternative explanation would be that repeated events of horizontal transfer involving D. hydei, which is a cosmopolitan species that diverged from the others repleta species as long as 14 Mya, could have spread Minos within the repleta group and to D. saltans. The data presented in this article support a model in which distribution of Minos transposon among Drosophila species is determined by horizontal transmission balanced by vertical inactivation and extinction. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.