Conteúdo Corporal e Exigências Líquidas de Proteína e Energia de Novilhos Suplementados no Período das Águas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desempenho produtivo de vacas de quatro grupos genéticos submetidas a diferentes manejos alimentares desmamadas aos 42 ou 63 dias pós-parto

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desempenho de bezerros de corte filhos de vacas submetidas a diferentes manejos alimentares, desmamados aos 42 ou 63 dias de idade

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Produção e composição do leite de vacas de quatro grupos genéticos submetidas a dois manejos alimentares no período de lactação

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção e composição do leite de vacas de corte das raças Charolês (C), Nelore (N), mestiças CN filhas de touros C e mestiças NC filhas de touros N, mantidas em pastagem nativa e submetidas a diferentes manejos no pré-desmame: suplementadas com farelo de arroz integral (0,7% do peso vivo) e que desmamaram aos 42 ou 63 dias pós-parto, ou não suplementadas e que desmamaram aos 63 dias. A idade das vacas variou de 3 a 12 anos, sendo agrupadas em quatro classes: primíparas, jovens, adultas e velhas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, cujo modelo estatístico incluiu os efeitos de manejo, grupo genético e idade da vaca, período e as interações entre esses fatores. Os teores de lactose e gordura não foram influenciados pelos fatores estudados. Houve interação significativa entre idade da vaca e período para a produção de leite e entre manejo e idade da vaca para o teor de proteína. Vacas suplementadas apresentaram maior produção de leite (3,85 contra 3,25 L/dia), teor de extrato seco total - EST (12,18 contra 11,83%) e teor de extrato seco desengordurado - ESD (8,75 contra 8,57%). A produção de leite decresceu com o avanço do período de lactação, sendo a queda mais acentuada nas vacas não suplementadas. Vacas CN produziram mais leite (4,17 L/dia) do que as puras, não diferindo das NC (3,76 L/dia). Vacas N apresentaram produção de leite similar (3,76 L/dia) às C (3,11 L/dia). No entanto, as primeiras apresentaram leite com melhor qualidade, incluindo proteína (3,16 contra 2,86%), EST (12,52 contra 11,46%) e ESD (8,87 contra 8,49%). Vacas adultas apresentaram maior teor de ESD, seguidas das vacas jovens, das primíparas e das velhas, com valores de 8,86; 8,62; 8,62; e 8,54%, respectivamente.

Fontes de proteína em suplementos múltiplos para bovinos em pastejo no período das águas

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do fornecimento, no período das águas, de suplementos formulados com diferentes fontes de proteína sobre os parâmetros nutricionais de bovinos de corte em recria. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos mestiços Holandês × Zebu com peso vivo médio inicial de 300 kg, fistulados no esôfago e no rúmen, distribuídos em cinco piquetes de Brachiaria decumbens de 0,3 ha, em delineamento quadrado latino incompleto (5 × 5), com quatro períodos e cinco tratamentos, em quatro períodos experimentais de 14 dias. Como tratamentos, avaliaram-se suplementos à base de farelo de soja (FS), farelo de algodão (FA, 38% PB), farelo de glúten de milho (FGM, 60% PB) e farelo de trigo + uréia (FTU) e um tratamento testemunha, constituído apenas de mistura mineral (MM). A quantidade diária de suplemento fornecida foi fixada para fornecer aproximadamente 180 g de PB/dia. As fontes protéicas afetaram apenas o consumo de carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) e o de PB, que foi maior quando fornecido o suplemento à base de farelo de algodão e menor quando fornecida a mistura mineral. Não houve efeito das fontes protéicas sobre as digestibilidades total e parcial dos nutrientes. O pH e os níveis de nitrogênio amoniacal do líquido ruminal (N-NH3) não foram influenciados pelas fontes protéicas avaliadas, mas todos os valores mantiveram-se nos limites favoráveis à digestão da forragem. As fontes de proteína não afetaram a eficiência microbiana, em média 9,96 g PBmic/100g NDT, nem as concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no plasma (NUP), média de 12,78 mg/dL, e a excreção de nitrogênio na urina (NUr), média de 63,14 g/dia.

Avaliação da produção de Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) singer utilizando resíduo do beneficiamento têxtil do algodão como substrato

The experiment was conducted to investigate the viability of the production of the edible fungus Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer in substrates in which main source of carbon was the cotton textille mill waste. Two substrates compositions were tested: C1 (cotton textille mill waste, wheat bran, plaster and limestone) and C2 (cotton textille mill waste, wheat bran, bean straw, plaster and limestone). A DIC experimental design was used, with nine repetitions for treatment and the production data and biological efficiency were analyzed being used the procedure ANOVAG of the statistical package SAEG. The cotton textille mill waste improvement, as the main ingredient of the substrate, was shown efficient for the production of the mushroom P. sajor-caju, presenting satisfactory values of productivity (0,56 and 0,5 kg/kg substratum) and biological efficiency (55,76 and 55,39%), respectively for C1 and C2. These results showed us that cotton textille mill waste, could be recommended as less onerous alternative of commercial substrate for the species Pleurotus sajor-caju.

Production and characterization of alpha-amylase from Rhizopus sp

A strain of Rhizopus sp. screened among more than 800 filamentous fungi showed great ability to produce a thermostable alpha-amylase by solid state fermentation. The best production was obtained with a bran moisture content of 40% when the enzyme activity reached 60 EU/g. of medium. During the purification procedures, a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 separated the enzyme in two fractions and the larger (85% of the total activity) showed optimum pH in a range from 4.0 to 5.6. Optimum temperature was found at 60-65 degrees C and in this range no loss of activity was observed after 60 min. of treatment in pH 5,0. Its K-m and V-m are, respectively, of 5.0 mg/ml of starch and 10,01 uMol of reducing sugar/min./mg. of protein. Its molecular weight was calculated in 64.000 by gel filtration in Sephadex G-200. The dextrinization power of the enzyme was observed preferentialy on substrates compound by chains with higher ramifications, that is: amylopectin > starch > amylose. Other aspects of the enzyme pattern action are also discussed.

Pectinolytic enzyme production by Bacillus species and their potential application on juice extraction

Five Bacillus strains isolated from decaying vegetable material were cultivated on wheat bran and endo-polygalacturonases, exo-polygalacturonase and pectin lyase activities in the crude enzymatic solution obtained were determined. Highest activity was observed for all enzymes when fermentation was carried out at 28 degreesC, the highest activity values were obtained after 120 h of cultivation for exo-PG and after 48 h for endo-PG and PL. The use of the enzymatic solution for treatment of fruits and vegetable mash afforded a high juice extraction and a pulp with good pressing characteristics.

Influence of diet on assimilation and turnover of C-13 in the tissues of broiler chickens

1. The C-13 turnover rates of the liver and thoracic pectoral muscle of growing broilers were determined by feeding diets with varying C-13 content.2. Male chicks ( 1- d- old) were subjected to treatments based on free choice of 5 different mixes of energy and protein sources from plants with C-3 and C-4 photosynthetic pathways that had differing C-13 content. Rice bran ( R) and soybean meal ( S) were the C-3 sources, while maize ( C) and maize gluten meal ( G) were the C-4 sources. Choices were R + S, C + G, R + G, C + S or R + C +G + S. The 6th treatment was a complete feed ( CF) that was similar to a commercial broiler feed.3. The isotopic composition of the birds' tissues was representative of the isotopic composition of the diets. The assimilation was faster for C-3, in both liver and muscle, than for C-4 diets, and give the delta per mil difference between the diet and tissues.4. The liver is the most active metabolic tissue and gave more rapid isotope turnover than in muscle.

Liver lesions produced by aflatoxins in Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog)

This study describes alterations induced in Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) liver after extended dietary exposure to aflatoxins (AFs). Bullfrogs of both sexes were fed for 120 days a commercial chow blended with a rice bran-based mixture of Al's containing 667.0, 11.65, 141.74, and 3.53 mg/kg of AFs B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively. Animals were sacrificed on study days 45, 90, and 120. Severe and progressive liver lesions with structural collapse, increased hepatocyte and biliary duct cell proliferation, appearance of basophilic hepatocytes, and diffuse scarring, were observed at all time points. There were no quantitative alterations in the liver melanomacrophage centers of the AFs-exposed animals. Increased amounts of lipid hydroperoxides, indicative of ongoing oxidative stress, were more evident in the Addutor magnum muscle than in the AFs-damaged livers. No tumors were found in the R. catesbeiana livers after 120 days of exposure to relatively high doses of AFs. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermostable invertases from Paecylomyces variotii produced under submerged and solid-state fermentation using agroindustrial residues

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Apparent digestibility of protein, energy, and amino acids in some selected feed ingredients for pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus

The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of amino acids (AA), protein, and energy in six feed ingredients (Brazilian fish meal, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, alcoholic yeast, corn, and wheat bran) we evaluated for pacu juveniles. In general, all ingredients showed high digestibility values for all AA, and differences among ADCs of individual amino acid were detected (P < 0.01). Corn gluten, soybean, and fish meals had the highest ADCs of AA. The ADCs of protein in fish meal, yeast, and corn gluten meal should not be used as AA digestibility indicators, because those showed differences up to 6.7% between the ADCs of protein and AA. All ingredients had lower ADCs of energy than corn gluten meal (P < 0.01). Lysine was the first limiting amino acid in fish meal, corn gluten meal, wheat bran, and corn, and the second limiting amino acid in soybean meal, as methionine was the first limiting amino acid in soybean meal and yeast. However, the soybean meal was the best quality protein source, as it had the highest digestible essential amino acid index. This demonstrated that digestible amino acid values can be used to formulate practical diets for pacu, preventing potential deficiencies or excess that might cause environmental and economic losses.

Farelo de trigo e complexo enzimático na alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas na fase de produção

The study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the wheat bran (WB) with or without supplementation of an enzymatic complex (EC) on the performance of semi-heavy hens in the egg-production phase. A total of 288 Lohmann Brown pullets were used, distributed to a completely randomized design in 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, composed by four WB levels (0, 3, 6 and 9%) in the ration and enzymatic complex supplementation (0 or 100g/100 kg diet), with eight treatments and six replicates of six birds. The enzymatic complex contained the enzymes beta-galactosidase, galactomananase, xilanase and alpha-glucanase. Feed intake, final body weight, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, egg mass feed conversion or egg dozen feed conversion was not affected by WB inclusion in the diets. Egg shell specific gravity deteriorated as WB levels increase in the diets. None of the characteristics was affected by the enzymatic complex supplementation, except for egg weight, that improved from 62.74 to 64.28 g. Then, the use up to 9.0% of wheat bran in the ration is recommended for semi-heavily chickens in the production phase. The supplementation of alpha-galactosidase, galactomannanase, xylanase and alpha-glucanase improve egg weight.

Produtividade de pleurotus ostreatus em resíduos da amazônia

The viability of the utilization of wood and agroindustrial residues available in the Amazon region in the formulation of alternative substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus was tested. Thus, two wood residues: marupa sawdust (SIAMP) and pau-de-balsa sawdust (SAPB), and two substrates derived from agroindustrial residues: sugar-cane bagasse (SIACN) and pupunheira stem (SIAPP), were used. These were supplemented with a mixture of rice bran, wheat and corn as protein source, with addition of 2-3% of CaCO(3) for pH correction (6.5). The substrates were placed in polyethylene (HDPE) bags, sterilized at 121 degrees C for 1h and inoculated in a laminar flow chamber. The cultivation was carried out in an axenic way, in a modified atmosphere. The productivity of the substrates was evaluated in relation to the biological efficiency, with the following mean results: 125.60, 99.80%, 94.00 and 64.60% for SIAPP, SIACN, SIAMP and SIAPB, respectively. The high biological efficiency of the substrates and the cultivation process clearly showed the viability of the utilization of the residues, suggesting the commercial cultivation of this mushroom, which may contribute for improving the social and economical conditions and sustainability of the regional biodiversity resources of Amazonia.

Fiber fermentability effects on energy and macronutrient digestibility, fecal traits, postprandial metabolite responses, and colon histology of overweight cats

Considering the different potential benefits of divergent fiber ingredients, the effect of 3 fiber sources on energy and macronutrient digestibility, fermentation product formation, postprandial metabolite responses, and colon histology of overweight cats (Felis catus) fed kibble diets was compared. Twenty-four healthy adult cats were assigned in a complete randomized block design to 2 groups of 12 animals, and 3 animals from each group were fed 1 of 4 of the following kibble diets: control (CO; 11.5% dietary fiber), beet pulp (BP; 26% dietary fiber), wheat bran (WB; 24% dietary fiber), and sugarcane fiber (SF; 28% dietary fiber). Digestibility was measured by the total collection of feces. After 16 d of diet adaptation and an overnight period without food, blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride postprandial responses were evaluated for 16 h after continued exposure to food. on d 20, colon biopsies of the cats were collected under general anesthesia. Fiber addition reduced food energy and nutrient digestibility. of all the fiber sources, SF had the least dietary fiber digestibility (P < 0.05), causing the largest reduction of dietary energy digestibility (P < 0.05). The greater fermentability of BP resulted in reduced fecal DM and pH, greater fecal production [g/(cat x d); as-is], and greater fecal concentration of acetate, propionate, and lactate (P < 0.05). For most fecal variables, WB was intermediate between BP and SF, and SF was similar to the control diet except for an increased fecal DM and firmer feces production for the SF diet (P < 0.05). Postprandial evaluations indicated reduced mean glucose concentration and area under the glucose curve in cats fed the SF diet (P < 0.05). Colon mucosa thickness, crypt area, lamina propria area, goblet cell area, crypt mean size, and crypt in bifurcation did not vary among the diets. According to the fiber solubility and fermentation rates, fiber sources can induce different physiological responses in cats, reduce energy digestibility, and favor glucose metabolism (SF), or improve gut health (BP).