Interação de doses de calcário e zinco nas características morfológicas e nos componentes de produção da mamoneira

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de doses de calcário e zinco e, a interação destes sobre o desenvolvimento da cultura da mamona. A hipótese deste trabalho é que o aumento de doses de calcário diminui a disponibilidade de zinco no solo para a planta. O experimento foi desenvolvido em estufa para cultivo protegido, sem controle de temperatura, em vasos com 17 dm³ de Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura média. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados num esquema fatorial 3 x 5, sendo os fatores: três saturações por bases (40, 60 e 80%) e cinco doses adicionadas de Zn (0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 8,0 mg dm-3 de solo). Apenas uma planta por vaso foi conduzida até 174 dias após emergência (maturidade fisiológica do racemo primário), quando foi avaliada a produção. Maiores doses de calcário resultaram em maior número de grãos por planta e MS dos grãos por planta. Houve interação V% e Zn na altura da planta, massa seca da raiz, comprimento da parte masculina e total do racemo. No entanto, nenhum destes incrementos refletiu em diferença significativa na massa de 100 grãos da mamoneira.

Caracterização da produção em toros do cogumelo comestível Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler na região oeste do Estado de São Paulo

This study was carried out in the towns of Dracena, Junquciropolis, Mirandopolis, Aliancas, Ilha Solteira, Castilho, Aracatuba, Birigui and Guararapes, São Paulo State, by surveying 17 Shiitake growers through a questionnaire. Data pertaining to the stages of log-Shiitake growing, recording and characterization of growers and growing systems were entered into Microsoft Excel for Windows. The results showed that Shiitake cultivation is recent and increasing in this region, and that growers have a high education level. Shiitake cultivation is mainly located in rural areas, with both Brazilians of Japanese descent and native Brazilians growing it. The most commonly used trees are eucalyptus and mango. The high level of log contamination is perhaps due to growing without temperature or moisture control and to the inappropriate growing system.. In 2004, there were 45,000 Shiitake-inoculated logs in this region, and the yield stood around 200 g of fresh mushroom/log. The mushrooms are picked in boxes of 200 g, and are sold mainly to Ceasa in open markets.

Correlação linear e espacial entre a produtividade do feijoeiro e atributos físicos de um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico de Selvíria, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul

Os atributos físicos do solo têm se mostrado de grade interesse para a agricultura contemporânea, uma vez que refletem decisivamente sobre a produtividade vegetal. em 2006, no campus da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Unesp, analisouse a produtividade do feijoeiro (PG) no sistema plantio direto irrigado, a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RP), a densidade do solo (DS) e as umidades gravimétrica (UG) e volumétrica (UV) em profundidade, num LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico. O objetivo foi determinar as correlações lineares e espaciais, entre os atributos estudados, visando selecionar um indicador da qualidade física do solo de boa representatividade para a PG. Foi instalada a malha, para a coleta de dados contendo 135 pontos amostrais, numa área de 7.500 m². A correlação linear entre a produtividade de grãos com os atributos do solo foi baixa. As de melhor correlação com a PG foram a DS1 e RP1. Contudo, do ponto de vista espacial, houve significativa correlação inversa entre a PG e DS1. Portanto, no presente trabalho, dentre os atributos estudados, a DS, avaliada na camada de 0-0,10 m, apresentou-se como o melhor indicador da qualidade física de um Latossolo de Selvíria, quando destinado à produtividade de grãos de feijão.

Chemical attributes of a savannah Typic Hapludox soil under management systems

O trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as modificações de atributos químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho após dois anos de manejo com adubação orgânica e/ou mineral com diferentes sistemas de cultivo. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, localizada no município de Selvíria, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, no ano agrícola 2004/2005 e 2005/2006. Os tratamentos foram: cultivo convencional; cultivo mínimo e semeadura direta. As adubações foram: testemunha (sem adubação); adubação mineral (300 kg ha-1 da fórmula 20-00-20); adubação orgânica (esterco bovino - 20 Mg ha-1); adubação orgânica (esterco bovino) + ½ adubação mineral recomendada para a cultura utilizada; 20 e 30 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto. em um ano foi utilizada a soja como cultura e no seguinte o sorgo. Avaliaram-se os atributos químicos do solo em quatro camadas. Os atributos químicos do Latossolo Vermelho foram modificados no primeiro ano após as adubações; a adubação com esterco, lodo de esgoto e a combinação do esterco+adubação mineral foram eficazes em modificar os atributos químicos do solo estudado; o lodo de esgoto foi mais eficaz na recuperação do P do solo e, a semeadura direta contribuiu para o aumento de K no solo

Nitrogênio em cobertura e molibdênio foliar no feijoeiro de inverno

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Sementes de guandu, produzidas em semeadura tardia: efeito de doses de fósforo, potássio e espaçamentos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of five P(2)O(5) rates and four K(2)O rates in two inter row plant spacings on the quality of short-duration pigeonpea seeds, in Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. For determining the treatments effects, a completely randomized block design was used, in a 2x5x4 factorial with four replicates, with the following treatments: 30 and 50 cm plant inter row spacings, 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha(-1) of P(2)O(5) and 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha(-1) of K(2)O. Evaluations of first germination count, germination speed, germination, accelerated aging and seedlings field emergence were conducted. The fertilization of P(2)O(5) was positive, tip to the 120 kg ha, I-ate. The fertilization of K(2)O was positive for first count, accelerated aging, and seedlings field emergence.

Restos vegetais e adubação nitrogenada na micorrização e produtividade do arroz de terras altas em sistema plantio direto

The objective of this research was to verify the influence of plant residues and the nitrogen fertilization in covering on the mycorrhization (colonization and number of spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), and grain yield of upland rice grown under a no tillage system. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Station of Unesp/Ilha Solteira Campus, at Selviria (Mato Grosso do Sul State). In the main plots, the leguminous were tested: sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) and velvet bean (Stizolobium aterrimum Piper & Tracy) and the grass: corn (Zea mays L.), millet (Peenisetum americamum L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), plus no planted area during the winter, as plant cover. In the subplots, after the rice sowing, the nitrogen fertilization in covering (zero and 75 kg ha(-1) of N at the urea form) was used. The rice grain yield was influenced by the plant residues, but not for the N doses or the interaction. The sorghum grain showed negative influence on the rice productivity. The nitrogen fertilization influenced the number of spores, but not the mycorrhizal colonization or the grain yield, at the time of the crop. Correlation between the studied variable was riot found.

Produtividade do milho safrinha e modificações químicas de um latossolo em sistema plantio direto em função de espécies de cobertura após calagem superficial

Modern agriculture is undergoing profound changes, with demands for more efficient management practices in the production systems used in each area. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate the effect of different covering species on a no-tillage system; to find the results of lime application on soil surface after sowing those forage species; measure the effects on soil chemical properties and subsequent effect on corn yield; and to determine the dry matter produced by each species used. The experiment was conducted on November, 2002, in the town of Palotina, Parana State, Brazil. A randomized block design was used, with 4 repetitions, in a 2x6 factorial scheme -two depths of soil sampling (0-10 and 10-20 cm) and six types of forage covering on the soil (Mucuna deeringiana, Crotalaria juncea, Setaria incana, Pennisetum glancum and Eleusine gracilis, as well as a mix of all these species). 3 t ha(-1) of dolomitic limestone were applied in total surface area, without amending. The covering species associated with the surface limestone application showed improvement in soil fertility, mainly in the layer of 10-20 cm, with prominence to Elensine gracilis, Crotalaria juncea and Setaria incana. Eleusine gracilis and Crotalaria juncea featured the largest dry matter production; however, the great amount of straw of Eleusine gracilis damaged the productivity of corn. Grain and corn straw productivity was higher when previously cultivated along with Setaria incana and the mix of forage species covering.

Aplicação de silício em arroz de terras altas irrigado por aspersão

The use of chemical elements considered as beneficial to crops has become common among farmers. The silicon case is interesting, since despite not being essential physiologically for rice crop, it demonstrates that through its absorption it promotes benefits. Therefore, this experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of doses of SiO(2) (0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 kg ha(-1)) at seed sowing time, in two upland rice cultivars (IAC 201 and IAC 202), under sprinkler irrigation, during the agricultural years of 2002/03 and 2003/04 in Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The cultivar IAC 202 can present higher yield than IAC 201, with similar industrial quality and lower laying index. Silicon applications were not sufficient to reduce laying index of IAC 201. In general, silicon application does not interfere in grain productivity and industrial yield of the cultivars used.

Atividade antifúngica de extratos de plantas a Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

The present work aimed to evaluate the effect fungitoxic of plant extracts on the mycelial growth and on the spores germination of C. gloeosporioides. The plant extracts were obtained starting from dried ground plants, using water and ethilic alcohol as extractor. Twenty-two plant species were used to obtain the extracts. The extracts were tested by means of the incorporation of 20% (v/v) in PDA medium, before or after sterilization. The percentage of inhibition of the mycelial growth (PIM) was determined. Extract in the proportion of 50% was added to a spore suspension used to determine the percentage of inhibition of the spores germination (PIS). The hidroetanolic extracts provided larger PIM of C. gloeosporioides, while larger PIS was obtained with the aqueous extracts. Non autoclaved extracts was the most efficient in mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides, even more than the autoclaved ones. Aqueous and hidroetanolic extracts of Momordica charantia and hidroetanolic extract of Eucalyptus citriodora provided higher PIM. Aqueous extracts of Luffa acutangula, Eucalyptus citriodora, Chenopodium ambrosioides, and Bauhinia, and hidroetanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens, Eucalyptus citriodora, Zingiber officinale and Chenopodium ambrosioides inhibited more than 90% of spores germination.

Produtividade e composição bromatológica do capim-Tobiatã com adubação NPK

Productivity and nutritional quality of Tobiata grass as a function of NPK fertilization. The present study had as objective to study five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha(-1)), two P(2)O(5) rates (96 and 30 kg ha(-1)) as superphosphate triple, and two doses of K(2)O (170 and 143 kg ha(-1)) as potassium chloride, in the forage Panicum maximum cv. Tobiata, with irrigation. The experiment was conducted using a randomized blocks design with four replicates. In the implantation of the experiment, P and K were applied based on theoretical doses required to reach values of 40 mg dm(-3) of P and K 5% of CTC. After three cuts, dry mass produced by the forage was estimated in order to obtain the values of the nutrients exported by the plant. Only after this procedure did the application of the doses of N take place. The production of dry mass - DM, crude protein - CP, neutral-detergent fiber - NDF, and acid-detergent fiber - ADF, were influenced by cuts; increasing N fertilization increased the production of DM, CP and decreased ADF and NDF, providing better forage quality. The fertilization with phosphorus and potassium can be done based on DM production or P and K content in soil.

Produção e qualidade de sementes de guandu: efeitos de doses de fósforo, potássio e espaçamentos em duas épocas de semeadura

The present work had as objective to evaluate the effect of five phosphorus doses and four potassium doses in two inter-row plant spacings at two sowing times in the production and quality of pigeon pea seeds, in Selviria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. For the determination of treatment effect, a completely randomized block design was used, in a 2x2x5x4 factorial, with four replications. The treatments were 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha(-1) of P(2)O(5); 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha(-1) of K(2)O; inter-row plant spacings were 0.50 and 0.30 m; and sowing times were December 2003 and February 2004. The first sowing generated greater productivity, whereas the second sowing produced better seed quality. The 0.50 m spacing generated heavier seeds, while the 0.30 m spacing made for seeds of greater quality. Phosphorus, in general, influences positively in the production and quality of the seeds.

Alterações microbiológicas, de fertilidade e de produtividade do arroz de terras altas em diferentes manejos de solo e água

In Brazil, the upland rice Culture system is predominant, but its water supply depends of precipitation and its distribution. Sol-lie practices or disturbances on soil conditions may cause alterations that call be detected by microorganisms, which are quite sensitive. This experiment was developed to study microbiological alterations (microbial biomass carbon (MBC), released CO2 (C-CO2), metabolic quotient (qCO(2)) and mycorrhization), as well as alterations in soil fertility and productivity of upland rice, cultivated under different soil and water managements. Cultivar BRS Talento was used in the experiment. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design, with four replications, using three soil managements: no-tillage (NT), heavy disk + leveling disk harrowing (HL), and chisel plowing + leveling disk harrowing (CL), plus three water managements: no irrigation (WD0); water depth 1 (WD1), with irrigation at the reproductive and maturation periods; and water depth 2 (WD2), with irrigation throughout the rice cycle. Autochthones arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi proved to be sensitive to soil and water management. The NT presented the highest values for MO, Ca, SB and V% and the lowest for H+A1. This management, together with irrigation at the reproductive and maturation periods of BRS Talento cultivar, promoted goods results for crop yield and microbiology characteristics.

O papel de Rhizoctonia spp. binucleadas na indução de resistência a mela da soja

The role of non-pathogenic binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (BNR) on the biocontrol of diseases caused by R. solani on many crops has been reported in the literature. However, in Brazil, there is no information about the potential of BNR as biocontrol agents against Rhizoctonia diseases on soybean. on this research we tested the hypothesis that BNR can induce resistance on soybean against the foliar blight caused by R. solani anastomosis group (AG) 1 IA. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate BNR isolates isolated from peanuts, snapbeans and soybean according to their ability for inducing resistance on soybean against the foliar blight disease, under greenhouse conditions. This research evidenced the role of BNR inducing resistance on soybeans against the foliar blight. However, both the occurrence and effectiveness of the phenomenon of induced resistance are dependent on the soybean cultivation season.

Caracterização física e sensorial do café produzido nas condições topoclimáticas de Jesuitas, Paraná

Climatic variations influence formation and maturation of coffee grains by altering their intrinsic characteristics, which call allow for several types of coffee qualities, including the potential for production of special coffee. This study was carried out to verify the effect of environmental conditions and crop cultivation on chemical composition and their consequences in cup quality of coffees from region of Jesuitas, Parana State. During the same crop season this study was accomplished (2002-2003), cup quality was evaluated among the producers in several coffee-growing municipalities in Parana State. It was observed that 86% of samples were classified simply as "soft" (smooth flavor) or "hard" (bolder flavor), and 14% were classified as rioysh/rio (strong unpleasant taste). The results concluded that the practices adopted by producers, who have collaborated with the study, reflected positively oil the final cup quality, when compared to the overall quality results in the State. The climatic conditions and practices of crop management and harvest ill the Jesuitas region made for bolder coffee with low acidity, comparable to high quality coffees produced in Brazil and abroad.