Custo Leite para Windows: Software de Controle de Custos para a Pecuária Leiteira

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Degradabilidade in situ do Capim Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia Incubado Cortado ou na Forma de Extrusa

The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and ruminal degradation of Panicum maximum, J. cv. Tanzania samples obtained by clipping (square method) or extrusa collection (animal selection). In the in situ trial, three ruminal fistulated dry crossbred cows, with 499 kg LW, were used in a completely randomized block design with split-plot arrangement design. Five grams of clipped (+/- 2 cm) grass or extrusa samples were placed in nylon bags (7 x 14 cm) and rumen incubated during 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 120 hours. The IVDMD and the CP, NDF and ADF content were, respectively, 55.8, 7.6, 81.9 e 43.6%, for the clipped grass and .66.5, 12.1, 78.8 e 39.5%, for the extrusa samples. The potential degradability of DM, C P, NDF and ADF were 62.59, 80.88, 50.73 and 46.65%, for clipped grass; and 79.53, 90.97, 71.21 and 65.68%, for extrusa samples. The quality of the selected animal diet (extrusa) was better than the available forage in terms of IVDMD and chemical composition (high protein and low fiber content). In situ degradability trials carried out with clipped samples, and non selected by animal, could not supply reliable results closed to the animal diet.

Composição Corporal e Exigências Nutricionais de Magnésio, Potássio e Sódio de Cordeiros Santa Inês em Crescimento dos 15 kg aos 25 kg de Peso Vivo

This study was carried out to determine body composition and magnesium, potassium and sodium requirements for weight gain of Santa Ines lambs (hairy coat breed). Eighteen animals were used with average 15 kg initial LW. At the beginning of the experiment, six animals were slaughtered for the determination of the amount of each mineral retained in the body, and serving as reference animals in the comparative slaughter technique. The remaining 12 animals were divided in two groups: six were ad libitum fed and six animals were restricting fed at maintenance plus 20%. The animals from the ad libitum and restrict feeding groups started in the experimental period by pairs and they both were slaughtered when the animals from the ad libitum group reached 25 kg LW. The estimates of magnesium, potassium and sodium body composition were obtained through the prediction equations obtained by the logarithm regression of the amount of each present minerals in the empty body in function of the empty body weight (EBW). The net requirements for weight gain were obtained through the derivation of these prediction equations. The estimates of body composition per kg EBW for the animals from 15 to 25 kg were: 0.591 and 0,578 g for Mg: 2.914 and 2.776 g for K 1.830 and 1.637 g for Na; and the net requirements for kg weight gain were: 0.515 and 0.503 g for Mg: 2.408 and 2.294 g for K; 1.315 and 1.177 g for Na, respectively.

Caracterização morfológica dos estádios de desenvolvimento do aparelho reprodutor feminino da rã-touro, Rana catesbeiana, no sistema anfigranja de criação intensiva

The objective of this work was to caracterize the morphological characterization of the development stages of female reproduction apparel of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana from intensive Anfigranja system. During the period of one year, 836 bullfrog females were removed from regrowing and reproduction sections of the Anfigranja system to study the basic aspects of the reproduction of this specie. The collections were realized monthly and, in that occasion, the body and ovary weights for each animal were recorded and their macroscopic gonadal characteristics, registred. The ovaries from 303 females were removed and histologically examined. From the macro and microscopic characteristics analysis set of the ovary, five stages of gonadal maturation for the female of Rana catesbeiana were determined: juvenile, beginning of maturation, intermediate maturation, advance maturation and spent.

Efeito de Diferentes Diluídores na Fertilidade de Éguas de Diferentes Haras Inseminadas com Sêmen Diluído, Resfriado e Transportado em Conteiner Especial

The effects of extender and farms on the fertility of sixty-five Mangalarga Marchador breed mares were studied. The mares were randomly assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial experiment, with two breeding farms (H1 and H2) and two extenders (glycine-egg yolk-T1 and lactose-egg yolk modified-T2), from only one stallion, with different number of replicates. The mares were inseminated, on alternated days, with diluted, cooled, transported semen, in a special container (MSP-2). There were no differences in the conception rate at first cycle, regardless of the breeding farm or extender used. Also. there was no difference among breeding farm or extender concerning the conception rate/cycle and the following reproductive characteristics: number of cycles/pregnancy, number of inseminations/mare, inseminations/pregnant mare, inseminations/open mare, water temperature in the container, temperature of semen in the container, time between collection and insemination and efficiency of pregnancy. The use of lactose-egg yolk modified extender for the dilution, cooling and transport of stallion semen between farms is recommended. The new container MSP-2 showed to be a option for the transportation between farms, for the same purpose.

Estudo farmacognóstico do caule e raízes de Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) Sota (Polypodiaceae)

Pharmacognostic and phytochemical study of the stem and root,,of Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) Sota. Erva silvina, or Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.), Sota belongs to the family Polylodiaceae and is traditionally used as an antiulcer agent. Previous assays showed results that confirm the antiulcer action of the ethanolic extract and some fractions of the stem of M squamulosa and results showing no significant toxicity in the acute model, both made in rats Due to the significant results obtained in this previous work, it becomes important to furnish tools to identify the vegetal drug. The species is' an epiphyte that bears lanceolate scales totally covering the long-creeping brown-colored stem. Adventicious roots can be seen in the abaxial portion of, the-stem, while the leaves appear in the adaxial portion. Elements which contribute to the histological identification are: peltate lanceolate -haired scales, sclereids, meristeles (amphicribal bundles) and scalariform the roots. Phytochemical screening, and TLC tracheids in the stem; strip hairs and sclereids in analysis showed the presence of flavonoids and tannins which may be related to the anti,ulcer the plant as well as the characterization of activity. Results shown may help the identification of the fragmented vegetal drug and if it is presented as powder or as extract.

Digestibilidade Aparente e Efeito Macro-Microscópico em Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) Arraçoadas com Torta de Dendê

To evaluate the nutritional value of palm kernel meal on the performance Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), five isonitrogenous (30% crude protein), isoenergetic (2800 kcal/kg of digestible energy), and isofibrous (10% crude fiber) diets, with increasing levels of palm kernel meal (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35%). were ad libitum fed to fingerlings with initial body weight of 1.52g +/- 0.04, housed per 120 days in 35 aquarium of 60 liters with fingerlings each. The environmental culture condition were monitored during all experimental period. Statistical analyses of recorded data were performed through polynomial regression models. To determine the apparent digestibility, macroscopic analysis of viscera and microscopic analysis of intestine epithelium were performed. The obtained results indicated that the inclusion of palm kernel meal up to 35% Nile tilapia diets did not affects the apparent digestibility and did not induce any pathological effects on viscera and intestinal epithelium.

Desempenho de frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade alimentados com rações contendo extrato de leveduras e prebiótico e criados em diferentes temperaturas

The performance of broilers reared at different temperatures and fed diet with or without yeast extract and/or prebiotic in the starter phase was evaluated. One thousand, four hundred and forty 1-d male Cobb-500 (R) were reared at different climatic chambers. The diets with or without yeast extract or prebiotic were fed only in the starter phase (1 to 7 days), and from the 8(th) day on all broiler were fed the same commercial diet. It was used a complete randomized experimental design, as a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 rearing temperatures (high 34 +/- 1 degrees C, control 32 +/- 2 degrees C and low 27 +/- 2 degrees C), 2 yeast extract level (with or without) and 2 prebiotic level (with or without). High and low temperatures decreased the performance of brids at 7 and 21 days old. The inclusion of prebiotic in the pre-starter phase increased weight gain of birds under low temperature at 21 days old and the viability until 21 days old. The inclusion of yeast extract increase feed conversion at 21 days old.

Effects of biofertilizer rates on the structural, morphogenetic and productive characteristics of Piata grass

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different levels of biofertilizers from cattle and swine manure on the structural, morphogenetic and productive characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized factorial design with split plots. The plots were defined by eight treatments: two biofertilizers (cattle and swine), four levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N.ha(-1)) and subplots by four different cutting periods. The cutting for plant uniformity was performed at 45 days after sowing at 15 cm above the soil surface. The biofertilizeres were applied in a single level, after the cutting of plants, in rates of 0, 0.23 and 0.19, 0.45 and 0.38, 0.68 and 0.57 liters pot(-1) for the biofertilizers from cattle and swine manure, respectively. These rates were also equivalent to levels of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N.ha(-1). There was no significant difference between the types of biofertilizers as there was no interaction between them and the different levels, hence both biofertilizers could be applied without any loss of nutrient intake by the plants used in this experiment. There was a significant difference between the production of green and dry matter, the leaf appearance rate, phyllochron, leaf and pseudostem elongation rates, number of green leaves, final leaf length, number and weight of tillers, according to the increase of nitrogen rates, following linear prediction model. Effect of the cutting periods was also observed, once the plants harvested during the summer presented greater performance of structural and morphogenetic characteristics.

Farelo de trigo e complexo enzimático na alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas na fase de produção

The study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the wheat bran (WB) with or without supplementation of an enzymatic complex (EC) on the performance of semi-heavy hens in the egg-production phase. A total of 288 Lohmann Brown pullets were used, distributed to a completely randomized design in 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, composed by four WB levels (0, 3, 6 and 9%) in the ration and enzymatic complex supplementation (0 or 100g/100 kg diet), with eight treatments and six replicates of six birds. The enzymatic complex contained the enzymes beta-galactosidase, galactomananase, xilanase and alpha-glucanase. Feed intake, final body weight, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, egg mass feed conversion or egg dozen feed conversion was not affected by WB inclusion in the diets. Egg shell specific gravity deteriorated as WB levels increase in the diets. None of the characteristics was affected by the enzymatic complex supplementation, except for egg weight, that improved from 62.74 to 64.28 g. Then, the use up to 9.0% of wheat bran in the ration is recommended for semi-heavily chickens in the production phase. The supplementation of alpha-galactosidase, galactomannanase, xylanase and alpha-glucanase improve egg weight.

Isolamento e avaliação da atividade biológica dos alcalóides majoritários de Tabernaemontana angulata Mart. ex Müll. Arg., Apocynaceae

"Isolation and evaluation of the biological activity related to the major alkaloids in Tabernaemontana angulata Mart. ex Mull Arg., Apocynaceae." Introducing-new chemotherapeutic agents is a, great demand. in the control of infections diseases.' Brazil is one of the richest countries in biodiversity and the Laboratorio de Extracao at UNIP has been collecting plants from. the Amazon and Atlantic Rain Forests with the aim of screening for new antibacterial and antitumor plant extracts. Previous studies demonstrated that the ethanol fraction obtained from the crude extract of Tabernaemontana angulata stems showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538 in the microdilution broth assay. Two alkaloids were the major compounds in the active fraction, verified by thin layer chromatography analysis. In the present study, the total alkaloids were obtained from the crude extract and were fractionated by preparative thin layer chromatography for the isolation of the main components. The isolated. compounds were identified by GC/MS and (1)H-NMR as coronaridine,e and voacangine. The alkaloid fractions obtained from the isolation procedure were tested for antibacterial activity, but no activity was detected.

Relação lisina digestível: proteína digestível em rações para tilápias-do-nilo

This study was carried out to determine the best digestible protein/digestible lysine ratio that should be present in feed fed to Nile tilapias. Two hundred and sixteen tilapias (11.0 +/- 0.43g) were distributed in 36 fish tanks (205 L) at a density of 6 fish/tank. Twelve feeds were formulated with three different digestible protein (DP) levels 22.0; 26.0 and 30.0% (based on digestible amino acids) and four different lysine percentages of 4.5; 6.0; 7.5 or 9.0% in relation to digestible protein. The fish were fed ad libtum during a 60-day period. There was significant effect of the digestible protein and digestible lysine ratio on weight gain, because the increase in lysine levels in feeds with 26 and 30% DP promoted linear increase in this parameter. The best values for feed conversion were obtained at the levels 26 and 30% DP that increased the daily consumption of digestible protein. The lysine level caused a linear reduction in feed conversion and linear increase in the protein efficiency rate. The results suggested that the 26% DP level might be used in ration to feed Nile tilapia juveniles; however, these should contain digestible amino acids and the digestible lysine/digestible protein ratio should be 6.0%. However, for levels higher than 26% DP, a maximum digestible lysine level of 7.5% DP improved weight gain for the species.

Produção e composição do leite de vacas mantidas em pastagens de capim-elefante submetidas a duas frequências de pastejo

The objective of this study was to evaluate two grazing intervals (IG) for elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv. Cameroon) pasture: one variable, determined by the entry of animals to the paddocks when 95% of active photosynthetic radiation was intercepted by the sward, and fixed 26-day grazing interval. Eight dairy cows were used, averaging 124 days lactation, 516 kg body weight and 17.5 kg daily milk production at the beginning of the trial. The experimental period was 80 days divided into four sub-periods of 20 days each. Data were analyzed in a cross-over design. The grazing frequencies did not influence milk production and composition, plasma urea nitrogen, body condition score and variations in body weight. However, the stocking rate and milk production per hectare were higher for pasture with interval of grazing determined by 95% of active photosynthetic radiation. Thus grazing frequency defined in variable intervals by sward interception of active photosynthetic radiation result in higher milk production per area unit.

Níveis de proteína digestível e energia digestível em dietas para tilápias-do-nilo formuladas com base no conceito de proteína ideal

This study was carried out to determine the best digestible energy and digestible protein ratio in feeds for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles 30.0 +/- 4.21 g) based on digestible amino acids and the ideal protein concept). Twelve rations were formulated with protein levels 22.0; 26.0; 30.0 and 34.0% of digestible protein and levels 3,000, 3,300 and 3,600 kcal/kg digestible energy. The digestible energy/digestible protein ratio was between 8.94 and 15.19 kcal/g. Three hundred and twenty four tilapias were randomly distributed in thirty six 250 L circular tanks at a density of 9 fish/tank, a total of 12 treatments with three replications. After 60 days, there was no significant difference in weight gain, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio among the studied treatments. A linear increase was observed in fillet yield with increasing digestible protein. With respect to feed cost/kg weight gain, the treatment with 30.0% DP and 3,000 kcal/kg DE presented low cost and better cost effectiveness index. Therefore, it was concluded that digestible energy did not influence the productive performance parameters and that effective feeds can be formulated with DP levels lower than 34% when feeding juvenile tilapias. The ration should be formulated based on the concept of ideal protein.

Nos gramados do Sul: A seleção baiana de futebol e o torneio do Centenário da Independência em 1922

This article aims to understand how the participation and performance of the state of Bahia at the I Campeonato Brasileiro de Seleções (I Brazilian Soccer Championship), also known as the Torneio do Centenário (Centenary Championship) in 1922 represented an opportunity for the state to claim a centrality in the formation of a national identity associated with soccer. The tournament was conceived as a draft for the formation of a national soccer team that would participate in the VI Campeonato Sul Americano (VI South American Championship) in Brazil. In addition, the event also came to be regarded as a celebration of the fi rst centenary of the Independence, a date that has encouraged the country to refl ect upon its national identity, as well as to reconsider its insertion in modernity. Bahia did well in the tournament, ensuring the second position. As a result, the local press went on to claim the participation of their athletes in the national team and to criticize the disregard of the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo towards the Northern region of the country. The local press would also challenge the policies of the Confederação Brasileira de Desportos (Brazilian Sports Confederation), the CBD, claiming that they favored the Southern states. Moreover, for the local elites the success of Bahia in the tournament represented the strength and greatness of the state, which gave them the right to claim a greater space and role in the destiny of the country. Finally, the performance of Bahia and its consequences have allowed us to question the limits and peculiarities of the formation of a national identity through the sport, at a moment when the country sought to rethink their identity historically marked by disputes and regional tensions.