105 resultados para exigências térmicas
Resumo:
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar uma equação de predição das exigências de proteína bruta (PB) para reprodutoras pesadas na fase de produção. O experimento foi realizado com 600 aves reprodutoras pesadas, Hubbard HI-Y, durante o período de 31 a 46 semanas de idade, alojadas em boxes num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e cinco repetições de 40 aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de: T1- Fornecimento de PB de acordo com o manual da linhagem (controle), T2- Fornecimento de PB de acordo com a equação de predição determinada, utilizando os dados de desempenho médio das aves do tratamento controle para predizer as exigências e T3- Fornecimento de PB de acordo com a equação de predição determinada, utilizando os dados de desempenho de cada parcela experimental para predizer as exigências, onde a equação de predição avaliada foi: PB=2,282.P0,75+0,356.G+0,262.MO, sendo PB a exigência de proteína bruta (g/ave/dia), P o peso corporal (kg), G o ganho de peso (g) e MO a massa de ovos (g). As rações foram formuladas para atender as exigências nutricionais e quando necessário eram incluídos os aminoácidos sintéticos, metionina, lisina, triptofano, treonina e arginina. As aves alimentadas de acordo com a equação ingeriram menores quantidades de proteína (20,8g/dia) quando comparadas às alimentadas de acordo com as recomendações (23,80g), entretanto isto levou a menores pesos dos ovos refletindo no peso dos pintos. A equação de predição proporcionou melhores resultados quanto à eficiência protéica. Assim, concluiu-se que a equação de predição não forneceu a quantidade mínima de proteína bruta para atender as exigências dos aminoácidos não suplementados na dieta.
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A produção industrial de aves e suínos mostrou enormes avanços nos últimos anos, principalmente devido ao aumento dos conhecimentos na área de genética e de nutrição. Na área de avaliação dos alimentos e das exigências nutricionais de animais monogástricos, as melhoras se dão a passos largos, devido á seriedade com que os profissionais encaram a responsabilidade de fazer pesquisa de qualidade dentro e fora do país. Neste trabalho serão abordadas as metodologias que permitem melhorar a utilização dos alimentos de maneira mais eficiente e econômica. Serão citados alguns cuidados e procedimentos essenciais para executar adequadamente experimentos de desempenho com aves e suínos. Na atualidade, para a realização de experimentos com monogástricos, é necessário: definir claramente os objetivos, utilizar animais com peso inicial uniforme, usar número adequado de repetições e de animais por unidade experimental. Testes de médias devem ser usados para as variáveis qualitativas e quando a variável independente for quantitativa aplicar análise de regressão. O nível de significância utilizado (5, 7, 10%) pode variar conforme a importância econômica da característica estudada. A adequada condução dos ensaios, sejam de crescimento ou de digestibilidade, é fundamental para que as ferramentas apresentadas possam ter efetividade, resultando na melhora da produtividade e na redução dos custos e da excreção de nutrientes.
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Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos de diferentes relações flúor:fosforo na alimentação sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1.000 pintos de corte de 1 dia distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições de 50 aves por boxe. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro fontes de fósforo com relações flúor:fósforo de 1:40, 1:60, 1:80 e 1:100. O experimento foi dividido em três fases experimentais: 1 a 21, 22 a 42 e 43 a 49 dias de idade. em cada fase, avaliou-se o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. Ao final do experimento, foram abatidas duas aves de cada repetição para coleta da tíbia e de músculos do peito para análise das concentrações.
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This study was carried out to determine body composition and magnesium, potassium and sodium requirements for weight gain of Santa Ines lambs (hairy coat breed). Eighteen animals were used with average 15 kg initial LW. At the beginning of the experiment, six animals were slaughtered for the determination of the amount of each mineral retained in the body, and serving as reference animals in the comparative slaughter technique. The remaining 12 animals were divided in two groups: six were ad libitum fed and six animals were restricting fed at maintenance plus 20%. The animals from the ad libitum and restrict feeding groups started in the experimental period by pairs and they both were slaughtered when the animals from the ad libitum group reached 25 kg LW. The estimates of magnesium, potassium and sodium body composition were obtained through the prediction equations obtained by the logarithm regression of the amount of each present minerals in the empty body in function of the empty body weight (EBW). The net requirements for weight gain were obtained through the derivation of these prediction equations. The estimates of body composition per kg EBW for the animals from 15 to 25 kg were: 0.591 and 0,578 g for Mg: 2.914 and 2.776 g for K 1.830 and 1.637 g for Na; and the net requirements for kg weight gain were: 0.515 and 0.503 g for Mg: 2.408 and 2.294 g for K; 1.315 and 1.177 g for Na, respectively.
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The trials were conduced to determine the energy requirements of growing pullets from 1 to 18 weeks of age,by means of the factorial method, using the comparative slaughter technique. The energy requirements for maintenance were determined utilizing the following feeding levels: ad libitum, 80% and 60% of ad libitum and sufficient for maintenance. Heat production was determined as a function of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and the retained energy, which, when extrapolated to zero of ME intake, indicated net energy (NE) for maintenance of 63.6; 71.24 and 76.78 kcal/kg0.75/day, for the periods from 1 to 6, 7 to 12 and 13 to 18 weeks of age, respectively. ME requirements for maintenance were determined by ME intake regression as a function of the retained energy, which, when extrapolated to zero retained energy, resulted in 86.12; 98.95 and 116.24 kcal/kg0.75 per day for the periods from 1 to 6, 7 to 12 and 13 to 18 weeks of age, respectively. ME requirements for weight gain were determined through regression analysis of the energy present in the body as a function of body weight, obtained by means of weekly slaughtering during the period from 1 to 18 weeks old. The regression coefficients of energy present in the body as a function of the body weight were used for the determination of the NE requirements for gain. By taking into account the conversion efficiencies of ME to NE for gain, the requirements for weight gain were: 4.11, 5.78 and 7.32 kcal/g ME for the periods 1 to 6, 7 to 12, and 12 to 18 weeks of age, respectively.
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The objective of this experiment was to determine the protein requirements for hen pullets from 1 to 18 weeks of age, by factorial method, using the nitrogen balance and the comparative slaughtering techniques. Protein requirements for maintenance, was obtained by the nitrogen balance technique using four diets with different protein levels (18,9, 4 and 2% of CP) aiming to obtain positive balance, next to zero and negative nitrogen balance. The endogenous nitrogen losses (0.2575 g of N/kg·75/day) was obtained by regression of nitrogen balance (NB) on ingestion nitrogen (IN). The requirements of nitrogen for maintenance was estimated by the intercept of axis X (0.3831 g of N/kg·75/day). The slope of the straight line still supplied the efficiency of N of the diet (67.21%). The regression coefficients of the equation represented the requirements of net nitrogen for weight gain. Considering the conversion efficiencies of nitrogen of the diet into nitrogen for weight gain, the requirements of nitrogen were determined for weight gain of .065, .087g and .090 g of N per gram of weight gain, for the phases 1 to 6, 7 to 12, and 13 to 18 weeks of age, respectively. Based on the results, three equations of prediction of the daily nitrogen requirements were fitted in function of live weight (LW in kg) and daily weight gain (G in g): 1 to 6 weeks N=.3831 x BW·75 + G .065, 7 to 12 weeks N=.3831 × BW·75 + G .087, and 13 to 18 weeks N=.3831 × BW·75 + G .090.
Resumo:
The research was carried out to determine body composition and calcium and phosphorus requirements of Santa Ines lambs. Eighteen entire male lambs with average initial live weight of 15 kg were used. The animals were allotted to three groups: six animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment, to access the amount of calcium and phosphorus present in the body, as reference animals for the comparative slaughter technique. Six animals were ad libitum fed and six were restrict fed (maintenance level plus 20%). The animals ad libitum and restrict fed started the experimental period by pairs and they were both slaughtered when the first reached 25 kg body weight. The body composition was estimated through the prediction equations obtained by regression of the logarithm of the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the empty body on the logarithm of the empty body weight. Net requirements for calcium and phosphorus for maintenance and the absorption coefficient were obtained through the correlation between the amount of each mineral consumed and retained in the animal body. The net requirements maintenance for live weight gain were obtained by means of derivation of the prediction of body composition equations. The net requirements maintainance of calcium and phosphorus for animals from 15 to 25 kg body weight were: 305 mg Ca/day and 325 mg P/day and net requirements for kg of the body weight gain for animals with 15 and 25 kg LW were 11.41 and 10.33 g Ca and 5.72 and 4.94 g P, respectively. The absorption coefficients were estimated to be .44 and 0.55 for Ca and P, respectively.
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In the Brazil, several have been the applications of GPS and with the introduction of the Law 10.267/2001 that among other dispositions, it treats of the georeferencing of the rural parcels. However, most of the commercial softwares of processing and adjustment of GPS data doesn't allow that the users may evaluate their results in a reliable way. For example, the constraints are normally used as absolute, which provides results with very optimists precisions. The adoption of additional analyses and the implementation of softwares can reduce these kinds of problems. Thus, it was developed a software for adjustment of GPS networks, aiming to assist in a reliable way the requirements of the Law 10.267/2001. In this context, in this work it is analyzed the adjustments of GPS networks, utilizing absolute and relative constraints. In the case of the last one, the adjustments were accomplished considering and not considering the correlations among the coordinate positions.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)