Utilização de farinha de quinoa no desenvolvimento de pães sem glúten

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

Effect of the particle size of maize, rice, and sorghum in extruded diets for dogs on starch gelatinization, digestibility, and the fecal concentration of fermentation products

The influence of rice, maize, and sorghum raw material particle size in extruded dry dog food on the digestibility of nutrients and energy and the fecal concentration of fermentation products was investigated. Three diets with similar nutrient compositions were formulated, each with 1 starch source. Before incorporation into diets, the cereals were ground into 3 different particle sizes (approximately 300, 450, and 600 mu m); therefore, a total of 9 diets were in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement (3 cereals and 3 particle sizes). Fifty-four beagle dogs (12.0 +/- 0.1 kg BW) were randomly assigned to the diets, with 6 dogs per diet. The digestibility was measured with the chromium oxide method. The data were evaluated with ANOVA considering the carbohydrate source, grinding effect, and interactions. The means were compared with the Tukey test and polynomial contrasts (P < 0.05). With the same grinding procedure, rice was reduced to smaller particles than other cereals. The cereal mean geometric diameter (MGD) was directly related to starch gelatini-zation (SG) during extrusion. For rice diets, the MGD and SG did not change nutrient digestibility (P > 0.05); only GE digestibility was reduced at the largest MGD (P < 0.01). For maize and sorghum diets, the total tract apparent nutrient digestibility was reduced for foods with greater MGD and less SG (P < 0.01). A linear reduction in nutrient digestibility according to cereal particle size was observed for sorghum (r(2) < 0.72; P < 0.01). Higher concentrations of fecal total shortchain fatty acids (SCFA) were observed for sorghum diets (P < 0.05) than for other diets. The rice diets led to the production of feces with less lactate (P < 0.05). The increase in raw material MGD did not influence fecal SCFA for rice diets, but for the dogs fed maize and sorghum foods, an increase in propionate and butyrate concentrations were observed as MGD increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, for dogs fed different particle sizes of the cereal starches in the extruded diets, the digestibility and fecal characteristics were affected, and this effect was ingredient dependent.

Doses, fontes e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio influenciando teores de clorofila e produtividade do trigo

To achieve high wheat yield, correct management of N fertilization and the use of high yield potential cultivars are necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different application rates and sources of N, applied totally at sowing or in topdressing, on grain yield and yield components of two irrigated wheat cultivars under a no-till system, grown in a Cerrado (Brazilian tropical savanna) region of low altitude. A randomized block design was used in a 5 x 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with three replications, combining five levels of N (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha(-1)), three sources of N (Entec (R), ammonium sulfate, and urea), and two application times (at sowing, near the rows, or in topdressing) in two wheat cultivars (IAC 370 and Embrapa 21). The wheat cultivars had similar grain yields. There was no difference among the sources of N for grain yield and yield components. The N applied totally at sowing did not differ from the traditional application at sowing and in topdressing for production of irrigated wheat in no-tillage. The increase in application rates of N increased the leaf N contents and chlorophyll, plant height, and the number of ears per m(2). Grain yield of the wheat cultivars IAC 370 and Embrapa 21 increased up to the application rates of 134 and 128 kg ha(-1) of N, respectively, regardless of application time and source of N. The positive correlation between chlorophyll leaf content and grain yield in accordance with N fertilization levels indicates that N fertilization in topdressing can be recommended based on SPAD readings of leaf chlorophyll performed at 38 days after wheat plant emergence.

Aplicação de thidiazuron na cultura do arroz de terras altas irrigado por aspersão na região de Selvíria-MS

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Digestibilidade do amido e disponibilidade de ca e p em alimentos energéticos extrusados para a tilápia do nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of starch and calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) apparent availability were evaluated in five cereal grain products and byproducts (corn, wheat meal, rice grain, rice bran and sorghum) for Nile tilapia. Chromic oxide was used as an external digestibility marker. The highest Ca and P apparent availability, respectively, were obtained for rice grain (43.03 and 64.79%), sorghum (39.89 and 58.09%) and corn (22.18 and 19.48%), while rice bran (-31.49 and 3.25%) and wheat meal (5.80 and 1.18%) showed the lowest values. Starch digestibility varied between 99.45 and 95.59% among the evaluated ingredients. This high ADC of starch observed in this study confirms that Nile tilapia is able to efficiently digest and utilize complex carbohydrates.

Degradabilidade de grãos secos e ensilados de sorgo com e sem tanino, submetidos à granulometrias

Due to its nutritional characteristics sorghum has been indicated as substitute cereal to corn and wheat. Besides, in Brazil sorghum is not used for human feeding unlike corn, witch reduces its costs in almost 20% in comparison to corn costs. This research was conducted at UNESP, in Botucatu and Jaboticabal Campus, São Paulo, Brazil, with the purpose to evaluate the grinding effect on two sorghum genotypes grain (with and without tannin) preserved dry or ensiled humid above the degradability in situ of the dry matter, crude protein and starch. Three rumen fistulated sheep were used, distributed in an experimental block design, at 2 x 2 x 3 factorial outline, with two sorghum genotypes (with and without tannin), two forms of conservation (dry grain and high moisture grains silage) and three grinding ways (undivided, thick grinding and fine grinding) and the time as sub-portion. According to the results the grinding is recommended to sorghum grains because it increases the ruminal and effective degradability of the dry matter, crude protein and starch. The presence of tannin in sorghum grain changed the degrability potential of crude protein and starch. The thick grinding in dry grain without tannin was the better treatment.

Aproveitamento da casca de banana na elaboração de barras de cereais: avaliação dos compostos bioativos, características físicas e sensoriais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)