233 resultados para Metodologia observacional


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Haematological investigation is an important part of disease diagnosis. The techniques used for mammals are generally applicable for fishes with slight modification. The presence of nucleated erythrocytes and thrombocytes in fish may cause some confusion in the identification of blood cells, mainly in total leukocytes count. This work evaluated two different methods (direct and indirect) of leukocytes counting. Specimens of tilapia were divided randomly into four groups of 48 fish each. Each group was further randomized into three replicate experiments of 16 fish per replicate in 40 L aquarium and maintained for 10 days. Counting of leukocytes in peripheral blood was determined in six fishes per group at the times: 0, 3, 7 and 10 days. The direct method in Neubauer chamber showed a large dispersion of data in regard to the average, the opposite was observed in indirect method determined in blood smears that showed more homogeneity among groups. Due to this factor the indirect method can be considered more accurate than the direct method for counting leukocytes in fishes.

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Ketoconazole is a synthetic broad-spectrum oral and topical antifungal drug derived from imidazole, effective in the treatment of superficial mycoses and systemic infections. In this study we have tested several methods to analyze ketoconazole in various pharmaceutical products containing this drug, employing techniques such as UV and IR spectrophotometry and thermal analysis. The results showed that UV spectrophotometry is a fast, practical and economical method and indicated that other methods, such as IR spectrophotometry and thermal analysis, could be good alternative methods for ketoconazole analysis in certain pharmaceutical forms.

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Soil flushing is an alternative remediation technology for soils contaminated with heavy metals, which the main contaminant removing process consists in percolating an extraction solution. This work aimed to use the response surface methodology to point out combinations among the parameters of the extraction solution (Na2EDTA concentration, volume e pH) in order to reduce the concentration of copper in a sandy soil to risk levels lower than the intervention levels for exposure scenarios adopted by the Environmental Company of Sao Paulo State. Thus, a series of tests in leaching columns were carried out using a Fluvisol artificially contaminated (1257,3 mg kg-1). The tests were conducted in triplicate and setup a central composite rotatable design with 15 different parameters combinations of the extraction solution and one replicate in the center point. Using 5% significance level, the adjusted model (R2 = 0,98) indicated combinations of Na2EDTA concentration, pH and volume of the extraction solution which allow reduction of copper concentration below levels reported by environmental agency of Sao Paulo State for industrial, residential, agricultural or maximum exposure scenarios.

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Estudos sobre as mais diversas formas de controle de pragas e utilização de inimigos naturais, exigem artrópodes em quantidade e qualidade. Mediante essa necessidade, o processo de criação e multiplicação de artrópodes, vem ao longo dos anos, passando por significativas transformações. As técnicas de criação e multiplicação de insetos são muito importantes em estudos de biologia e de métodos de controle. A criação e definição de uma metodologia para multiplicação tem sido um grande desafio nos estudos da biologia e da criação de insetos, principalmente, devido a dificuldade de estabelecimento de populações em casa de vegetação e campo. Visando otimizar e adequar uma metodologia de multiplicação de Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em condições de laboratório, foi estabelecida uma colônia sobre plantas de algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L. raça Latifolium Hutch) objetivando uma melhoria nas condições de sobrevivência e multiplicação desses insetos, menores influencias dos fatores abióticos, e a potencialização do uso das plantas por um período mais longo. Com o desenvolvimento dessa técnica e dos recursos utilizados na criação, notou-se um incremento na quantidade de indivíduos obtidos, melhor aproveitamento das plantas e diminuição de custos. Dessa forma evitou-se também a migração e infestação de outras espécies de pulgões e a ação de inimigos naturais. Após o estabelecimento da criação, verificou-se que o controle do parasitismo de A. gossypii foi de acordo com as condiçõ es submetida.

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The effects of temperature on the rate of biological processes such as the germination are reported in several papers. The analysis of the thermal effect can be performed either from numerical indices or germination curves, which is usually presented as the accumulated percentage of germination versus time. Such curves can be fitted by empirical models and generally they offer a better description of the time-course of germination than single-value indices. On the other hand, in analyzing the germination curves, a question arises whether the model parameters have biological meaning. Thus, it is desirable that the model parameters both describe properly the germination curve and have biological meaning, which often does not occur. Considering the involvement of populations and percentages in germination assays, an analytical model has been widely used in the last two decades which is based on the concept of thermal time. This article discusses the conceptual basis and provides procedures for applying the thermal-time model in germination studies by using the probit regression method, both at infra and supra-optimal temperatures.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Artes - IA

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (Biotecnologia Médica) - FMB