Efeitos do tipo de ração inicial sobre a morfologia intestinal e digestibiliade dos nutrientes em leitões

Thirty piglets, weaned at an average age of 28 days, were used in experiment one. After weaning, 24 animals were transferred to the nursery in groups of two to each pen and fed simple or semi-complex diets ad libitum. On weaning day (day 0), six pigs were slaughtered. On days 7 and 21 post-weaning, one animal from each nursery pen was slaughtered to study mucosal thickness (MTD and MTJ) and villi heights (VHD and VHJ) in the duodenum and jejunum. The average values observed for MTD, VHD, MTJ, and VHJ were not influenced by type of diet. MTD, MTJ, and VHJ increased from days 7 to 21 post-weaning. Polynomial regression spanning days 0, 7, and 21 showed a linear effect for MTJ and a quadratic effect for VHD and VHJ. In experiment two, 16 piglets weaned at an average age of 28 days were used in two metabolic trials carried out during two periods of the initial phase (days 5 to 14 and days 19 to 28 postweaning), to determine the nutritional value of simple and semi-complex diets. There were no differences among treatments in apparent digestibility of crude protein and dry matter and the values for digestible or metabolizable energy of the diets. It was concluded that composition of the starter diet did not influence the intestinal morphology of piglets, the digestibilities of dry matter and crude protein, or the digestible and metabolizable energy contents of the diets.

Efeitos da carência de alguns nutrientes minerais no desenvolvimento de plantas de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv Santa Rosa)

The present work studies Ca, B and Zn omission on the development of soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv Santa Rosa). The experiment was carried out as hydroponic culture, with complete Hoagland & Arnon nutrient solution nr. 2 (C), lacking calcium (-Ca), lacking boron (-B) or lacking zinc (-Zn), a total of 4 treatments. Seven samplings were made to determine: total dry matter (g), root dry matter (g), stem dry matter (g) and leaf dry matter (g). Results showed that Ca and B omissions decreased dry weight. Lack of Zn did not affect dry weight.

Comportamento de cultivares de soja quanto a qualidade fisiológica de sementes

This work was carried out in order to evaluate if there was a relationship between genotypes and the physiological soybean (Glycine max L.) seed quality. It was conducted during three years using seven cultivars each year. The seeds were harvested at: 1) yellow radicle or expanded pod stage, 2) yellow pod or physiological maturity (R7), 3) harvest maturity (R8), and 4) R8 + 21 days delay. Seed moisture content, standard germination, and vigor tests were performed. The germination and vigor evaluated by accelerated aging and electrical conductivity did not show physiological seed quality differences among genotypes as harvested at physiological maturity. Then, the evaluation of seed germination and vigor, when the environment is not a considered factor, is not an efficient method to show differences among soybean genotypes in terms of seed quality.

Eficiência de absorção e utilização de potãssio por plantas de soja em solução nutritiva

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a factorial design of randomized complete blocks, with three replications, to study plantage response of soybean cultivars on efficiency: update (EAB); conversion (EC) and utilization, as well as utilization index (IU) by soybean cultivars. Four soybean cultivars (IAC 17, IAC 18, IAC 11 e FT 2) were grown in nutrient solutions with either adequate or deficient K levels (0.5 and 1.82 mmol. L-1) and harvested 20, 40 and 60 days after plant emergence (DAPE). The plants were separated in top, median and lower leaves, stems and roots, dried, ground and analyzed for K contents. Regardless of cultivar, in deficient plants K was translocated from the other organs to median leaves, in order to maintain its K contents. This behavior was particularly evident in 'IAC 11' and 'IAC 18'. Well nourished plants showed higher EAB than deficient plants. 'IAC 17' and 'IAC 18' showed higher EAB at either adequate or deficient K. levels. 'FT 2' showed highest EUK in deficient solutions at 40 DAPE (immediately before flowering), and the lowest EUK at 60 DAPE. The utilization index was helpful in determining cultivar plasticity to adapt to K deficiency. The highest plasticity was observed for 'FT 2' at 40 DAPE and for 'IAC 18' at 60 DAPE. K-deficient plants were more efficient in EC, yielding more dry matter for K uptake unit.

Efeito de diferentes sais de ferro sobre as características sensoriais do iogurte de soja

The soy-yogurt was used as food vehicle due to its therapeutic and nutritionalproperties and lower cost. The aim of this work was to develop an enriched soy-yogurt with 12 mg of elementary iron/1, with suitable sensory and technological properties. Four iron sources were tested: FeSO 4.7H 2O, NaFeEDTA, Ferrochel® and microencapsulated FeSO 4.7H 2O. The products were evaluated by fermentation time, pH, titratable acidity, viscosity, consistency, iron concentration and sensory properties (difference from the control and acceptance tests). Viscosity and consistency data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Difference from the control data was evaluated by analysis of variance and Dunnett's test and the acceptance test was evaluated by analysis of variance and Tukey's test. For all iron salts used in the enrichment process, only the FeSO 4JH 2O did not work out because of the undesirable sensorial characteristics of the final products. The others sources used in the enrichment process (NaFeEDTA, Ferrochel® and microencapsulated FeSO 4.7H 2O) did not alter the fermentation time, titratable acidity and sensory and reologics properties of the soy-yogurt.

Efeito de um novo produto fermentado de soja sobre os lípides séricos de homens adultos normocolesterolêmicos

This study was undertaken to verify the effect of a daily intake of a new fermented soy milk produced with Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus jugurti on the serum lipid levels in normocholesterolemic middle-aged men. The study was randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled and was performed for a period of 6 weeks. Forty-four normocholesterolemic healthy, male volunteers, aged 40-55 years old were randomly separated in two groups: The F-group received 200 ml of the fermented product daily and the P-group received 200 ml of placebo (chemically fermented). The blood samples were drawn initially and after 3 and 6 weeks and serum values for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were determined. The LDL-cholesterol value was estimated. No significant changes in the fermented group (F) were observed for total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol or triglyceride levels, while the HDL-cholesterol level was significantly higher (p≤ 0,05) after 6 weeks. The total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly higer (p≤ 0,05) in the placebo group (P), but no changes were found for the HDL-cholestrol and triglyceride levels during the experimental period. In conclusion, the intake of 200 ml/day of the fermented soy milk, produced with E.faecium and L. jugurti, for 6 weeks, did not affect the serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, and led an increase of 10% in the HDL-cholesterol level.

Desempenho e morfometria da mucosa de duodeno de frangos de corte alimentados com farelo de canola, durante o período inicial

A trial was carried to verify the effect of increasing levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) of canola meal in diets of broiler chickens on performance and mucous morphology, during the starting period (1 - 21 days). One thousand 1-d male chicks were assigned to a randomized experimental assay, with five treatments, four replicates and 50 birds per experimental unit. At the 1 st, 21 st and 41 st days, the birds and the rations were weighed. At the 21 st day, two birds of each experimental unit were sacrificed for collection of a duodenum segment to evaluate the intestinal morphometry. The results demonstrated that increasing levels of canola meal resulted in linear reduction on weight gain, weight and feed intake and worst feed conversion. During the growing period (21 to 41 days), when all birds received similar diet, average weight and weight gain decreased, as the canola meal levels increased, while feed conversion and feed intake were similar. Data regarding mucous morphology, submitted to the regression analysis, demonstrated that the crypt depth increased, as the canola meal levels increased. It is possible to include up to 20% of canola meal without damages on broiler performance and digestive tract.

Biologia comparada de Trialeurodes vaporariorum (West.) (Hemiptera - Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) em soja e cinco cultivares de feijão

With the development of greenhouse grown crops, the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (West.) has become an important pest. Aiming at verifying the effect of host on the development of this species, the biology of the whitefly was studied on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars IAC-Carioca Pyatã, IAPAR-57, Jalo Precoce, IAC-Bico de Ouro, IAC-Maravilha and on soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivar Cristalina. The study was conducted at the Laboratório de Entomologia Agrícola - FCA-UNESP, at 25 ± 3°C temperature, 80 ± 10% RH and 14h photophase. The biological parameters assessed were duration, viability and number of nymphal instars; male and female longevity, oviposition period, number of eggs per female and sex ratio; egg viability and incubation period and the life cycle duration. Based on data obtained, fertility life tables were constructed to allow a comparative analysis of the effect of cultivars on the biological development and consequent population growth of this species. The bean cultivars IAC-Maravilha and Jalo Precoce negatively influenced T. vaporariorum development, whereas, the other bean cultivars studied, as well as the soybean cultivar Cristalina, provided good conditions for development of this pest.

Ganho genético por diferentes critérios de seleção em populações segregantes de soja

In breeding programs, the complexity of economically outstanding characters, most of which highly influenced by the environment, makes selection difficult. Using genetic parameters, like heritability and gain with selection, it is possible to identify superior genotypes in early generations. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to compare different selection criteria by the estimated gains and the selected progenies, determining the superior and more similar methods. Augmented block design was used with three additional checks. Twelve hundred genotypes were evaluated. The most expressive expected gains were obtained with direct selection. However, the indices have shown to be more appropriate for selecting superior progenies because of their higher total gains, distributed among all the evaluated characters. The Sum of Ranks Index allowed the highest gains in most of the situations analysed.

Efeitos da dessecação de plantas de soja no potencial fisiológico e sanitário das sementes

The objective of this paper was to verify the ideal moment of application of desiccants on the soybeans crop, to obtain seeds with maximum physiological and sanitary quality. The cultivar IAC-15 was sowed at the experimental area of FE/UNESP - Campus of Ilha Solteira, located in the district of Selvíria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul (20° 22′S, 51° 22′W at approximately 335 m of altitude). The experimental design was a randomized block, with treatments in a factorial scheme of 3×3 and 4×4 (dessicant x application time), in 1996/97 and 1997/98, respectively. The desiccants applied during the season agricultural year 1996/97 were: paraquat, diquat, paraquat+diquat mix at the doses 400; 300; 200+150 e 400 g a.i.ha -1, respectively. In 1997/98 the same desiccants were used, at the same doses, with additional treatment application of ammonium glufosinate at the dose of 400 g a.i.ha -1. The desiccants were applied three times in 1996/97 and four times in 1997/98 with 5 days intervals starting at the R 6 stage. According to the environmental conditions of this research the best desiccation time was when soybean plants had 80% to 90% of pods with yellow and brown coloration and seeds with 45% to 60% of water content. There were no effects of any of the desiccants tested in the physiological and sanitary potential required for commercialization of the seeds.

Intervalo hídrico ótimo e produtividade de cultivares de soja

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal water interval and its relationship with soybean yield. For this study, an experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, in a Haplustox medium textured soil. The experimental design consisted of a completely randomized with subdivided plots (six compaction levels and four soybean cultivars), with four replications. The soil compaction levels were: T 0 = 0, T 1* = 1, T 1 = 1, T 2 = 2, T 4 = 4 and T 6 = 6 strides of a 11 ton tractor, on the same place, side by side on soil surface. In T 1* the compaction occurred when the soil was dry. In December, 2003 the soybean (Glycine max), cultivars IAC Foscarin 31, MG/BR 46 (Conquista), BRS/MG 68 (Vencedora) and IAC 8 - 2 were sown. After sowing, indeformed soil samples were collected in layers of 0.03-0.06, 0.08-0.11, 0.15-0.18 and 0.22-0.25 m for determination of soil water content and resistance to penetration curve and the optimal water content. According to model, the critical soil bulk density (Dsc) for soybean yield varied between cultivars from 1.56 to 1.64 Mg m -3. The soil bulk density at which the yield of soybean cultivars decreased was greater than the Dsc.

Estudo da estabilidade de lipossomas compostos de fosfatidilcolina de soja e fosfatidilcolina de soja hidrogenada adicionados ou não de colesterol por método turbidimétrico

Liposomes are structures composed by phospholipids as soy phosphatidylcholine (PC) and hydrogenated soy phosphatydylcholine (PCH). Among the methods used to prove liposomes stability, turbidity method is widely used. The objective of this work was to study the liposomes stability containing PC or PCH with and without cholesterol (CHOL) by turbidity method. Liposomes were stored a 30°C during 90 days and periodically absorbance readings at 410 nm were made to verify possible turbidity alterations. Increases in the turbidity with time occurred for PC liposomes. In the presence of CHOL higher turbidity was obtained probably reflecting the increase in the size of liposomes. For PCH liposomes the presence of CHOL did not affect the turbidity suggesting higher physical stability of the structures.

Estudo do calo sensível e latente obtidos por intermédio da razão de Bowen em uma cultura de soja irrigada

The goal of this experiment was to study the latent and sensible heat variation determined by Bowen ratio from an irrigated soybean crop. A micrometeorological station with vertical displacement was constructed to maintain the same level of all measures over the canopy. The station was installed in the center of the crop, and it was over 130 m away from the main edge of the predominant wind direction. Fluxes were calculated by vertical temperature gradient determined at 0.15 and 1.15 m over the canopy. The latent heat flux was the mean energy consumer when the canopy covered the soil totally, and there were good soil water conditions. The sensible heat flux was greater when the soil was not totally covered by the canopy. The canopy was essential on the amount of latent heat dissipated by the crop.

Alterações de propriedades físicas de um nitossolo vermelho pela sucessão milheto-soja na fase de implantação do sistema de semeadura direta

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of a millet-soybean rotation, during the implantation phase of no-tillage system on the physical properties of a Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico and the dry mass production of millet and the productivity of soybean. The experimental design used was a randomized blocks, in a split splot arrangement, with four replications. The parcels was constituted by three sowings (E1, E2 and E3) and the subparcels was constituted by harvests, where each harvest handling was: M1 - harvest each blooming and covering withdrawal; M2 - harvest each blooming and covering permanency; M3 - only in the first harvest on blooming and covering withdrawal; M4 - only in the first harvest on blooming and covering permanency, and M5-free growing, with no harvest. Samples were collected from three soil layers: 0-0,05, 0,05-0,10 and 0,10-0,20 m. The E2 showed smaller values of soil density and larger values of total porosity. The E3 resulted in smaller values of flocculation degree and mean weight diameter of the aggregates. The E3 showed smaller production of dry mass.

Avaliação de genótipos de soja em semeadura de inverno, em Selvíria, MS: Produção e qualidade fisiológica de sementes

The sowing of soybean out of the conventional period is an option for the production of seeds with high physiological quality. On the other hand, this fact makes necessary the search for cultivars adapted to new environmental conditions. Therefore, additional research is needed to supply more information to producers related to the choice of the most suited cultivars with regard to high seed quality. This research was conducted in Selvíria, MS, Brazil in which the cultivars FT-2000, FT-Inaê, Embrapa 20 (Doko RC), CAC-1, IAC-17, IAC-18, IAC-19, IAC-8-2, FT-101, FT-109, MT/ BR 45 (Paiaguás), MT/BR 50 (Parecis), MT/BR 52 (Curió), MT/BR 53 (Tucano), MT/BR 47 (Canário), MT/BR 49 (Pioneira), BRSMT Uirapuru, BR Emgopa 314 (Garça Branca), MG/BR 46 (Conquista), FT-Estrela, FT-Cometa, Dourados, JAB-11, BR 9 (Savana), FT-Abyara, Embrapa 30 (Vale do Rio Doce), Embrapa 9 (Bays), Embrapa 31 (Mina), IAC-16; IAS 5, EMGOPA-304, and IAC-Foscarin 31 were studied. These cultivars were sown on June 5, 1998, and evaluated both for agronomic characteristics and the physiological potential of the seeds. The experimental units were arranged in the field according to a randomized complete block design with five replicates. The cultivars more adapted to the climatic conditions were Parecis, Bays, CAC-1, Garça Branca, Paiaguás, Pioneira, and IAC-16. It was concluded that winter sowing should start at the beginning of May, with water supply, since June was found to be too late.