Determinação de metais em água produzida de petróleo

In order to enable the reuse of the large surplus volume of petroleum produced water for irrigation of crops inedible, the quality evaluation of this water is very important. This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the diffusive gradient in thin films technique (DGT) for the determination of labile Cu (II), Mn (II) and Zn (II) in petroleum produced water destined to reuse in agriculture. Samples were collected at the exit of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (after separation oil/water and flotation) of a Petrobrás onshore production region. Basically, the laboratory experiments with DGT devices involved the evaluation of the behavior of the main variables of the technique for determination of analytes in the samples (diffusion coefficients, immersion time, fractionation of organic and inorganic species, and performance of diffusion gels with different porosities, among others). Also, experiments were conducted based on the solid phase extraction (SPE) protocol with Chelex- 100 resin using previously established protocols to support the study. During the project the possibility of in situ immersions in water treatment plants was evaluated. The DGT technique presented satisfactory results for determination of Mn in produced water, and can be used for in situ determinations. However, the results obtained for Cu and Zn show the need of additional studies

Determinação de Levamisol em amostras de cocaína na cidade de Campinas e região

A cocaína, alcalóide extraído das folhas de coca, apresenta antigo histórico de uso para diversas finalidades. O uso vinculado à fim recreacional se dá na década de 70 e permanece até hoje com variações espaciais e temporais. Muitas são as substâncias usadas como adulterantes à cocaína, ou seja, adicionadas com o propósito de mimetizar ou potencializar o efeito da mesma, e o levamisol, antiparasitário de uso humano e veterinário no Brasil, tem sido reportado mundialmente, com notável crescimento desde 2003. Desde 2009, casos de agranulocitose e vasculite crônica tem sido associado à usuários de cocaína com o levamisol como adulterante. Visto o aumento no consumo de cocaína no Brasil entre 2010 e 2011, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência desta adulteração na cidade de Campinas e região entre outubro de 2012 e junho de 2013, fazendo uso de CCDC e CG/MS. As análises em CCDC mostraram um aumento na prevalência da adulteração de 15,5% para 26,5% no período de estudo. Os resultados encontrados reiteram a importância da discussão e difusão do tema perante a comunidade médica, principalmente, a fim de tomarem decisões mais acertadas frente aos casos envolvendo os usuários.

Determinação da crítica razão esforço-pausa em Uchi-Komi no judô, com a utilização de deltas de variação de lactato sanguíneo e da escala subjetiva de esforço de Borg

In the competitive judo, the form as a trainer organizes the process of his/her athlete's training is a very important task for a good acting and a better use of the technical procedures. There is great importance in determining the exercise intensity for the judocas training due to the interest for the high income in several competitions, and few studies returned for this research area, involving those athletes' different physiologic conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to improve protocols of physical evaluation for this modality, increasing his/her applicability. The present study aimed at to verify the validity of a protocol of specific aerobic test of the judo (technique ipon-seoi-nague), no exhausting, adapted of the method of CHASSAIN (1986), using deltas of variations of the lactacidemia and of the Scale of Perception of Effort of Borg, in athletes well. The test adapted to the judo constituted of four exercise series with two efforts similar (double) of 180 seconds with one interval of 90 seconds among them. The series of exercises were accomplished in consecutive days. The intensities of the double tests were of 85%, 95%, 105% and 115% of the minimum lactato for each participant. This work used the technique ipon-seoi-nague, obeying the reasons effort-pause individualized for each athlete, that you/they correspond to the intensities of exercises proposed by the protocol of CHASSAIN (1986). In that way, the athletes applied a blow (maximum speed) and they rested some seconds, depending on the regime effort-pause of the session. At the end of each collection collection of blood (25NL) of each participant's earlobe was accomplished, seeking to measure the concentration of sanguine lactato. The collections were accomplished at the end of the first and of the second efforts, in each one of the series. For the analysis of the Perception of the athletes' Effort, the Scale of Perception... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Determinação de comunidades em redes biológicas integradas

To understand how biological phenomena emerge, the nonlinear interactions among the components envolved in these and the correspondent connected elements, like genes, proteins, etc., can be represented by a mathematical object called graph or network, where interacting elements are represented by edges connecting pairs of nodes. The analysis of various graph-related properties of biological networks has revealed many clues about biological processes. Among these properties, the community structure, i.e. groups of nodes densely connected among themselves, but sparsely connected to other groups, are important for identifying separable functional modules within biological systems for the comprehension of the high-level organization of the cell. Communities' detection can be performed by many algorithms, but most of them are based on the density of interactions among nodes of the same community. So far, the detection and analysis of network communities in biological networks have only been pursued for networks composed by one type of interaction (e.g. protein-protein interactions or metabolic interactions). Since a real biological network is simultaneously composed by protein-protein, metabolic and transcriptional regulatory interactions, it would be interesting to investigate how communities are organized in this type of network. For this purpose, we detected the communities in an integrated biological network of the Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using the Clique Percolation Method and we veri ed, by calculating the frequency of each type of interaction and its related entropy, if components of communities... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Determinação de adenosina deaminase, fator de necrose tumoral-alfa e interleucina-1 em gestantes portadoras de pré-eclâmpsia

Preeclampsia is a specific disorder of pregnancy, characterized by arterial hypertension and proteinuria detected after 20 weeks of gestation. This pathology is associated with hyperuricemia, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced leukocyte activation and oxidative stress. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme present in all human tissues and, it is involved with the maturation of the immune system. Although its function is not fully understood, ADA is considered an indicator of cellular inflammation and, its increased serum concentration is observed in inflammatory diseases, such as tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis. This study aimed to assess serum ADA levels in preeclamptic patients (PE) compared with normotensive pregnant (NT) and non-pregnant women (NP), and to correlate these values with TNF-α and IL-1β production. Ninety pregnant women were included: 60 were pre-eclamptic and 30 were normotensive matched for gestational age. As control group 20 healthy non-pregnant women matched with pregnant for age were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMMC) obtained from the three groups studied were cultured with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 18h at 37oC, and TNF-α and IL-1β production was assessed in the supernatant of cultures by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). ADA plasmatic concentration was determined by colorimetric method. The results show that ADA plasma levels were significantly higher in PE group compared with NT and NP groups. A positive correlation between ADA and uric acid levels was detected in preeclamptic women. There was no significant difference in relation to ADA levels when PE patients were classified in early and late-onset PE. The endogenous production of IL-1β and TNF-α by PBMC was significantly higher in PE group than in NT and NP women, showing the activation state of these cells in PE. LPS induced...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Metodologia de determinação das curvas de probabilidade de falha S-N-P para uma liga de aluminio submetida a diferentes tratamentos termicos de solubilização e precipitação

The approach of the subject matter in this work relies on the fact that the reliability of methods for performance analysis of materials proves critical for the result. This work focused on the development and presentation of the methodology for lifting probability curves for fatigue test (SN) according to standard E739, this focus is justified by the fact that the results in fatigue test show considerable dispersion making it difficult to reading and interpretation of data, this dispersion arises because the phenomenon of rupture is strongly influenced by internal characteristics of the material, we can then have much data ranging from test to test. Thus we set out originally for a brief study of aluminum alloys in question, as well as the treatments to which they were subjected. We also studied the behavior of materials when subjected to cyclic loading, which configures process of fatigue failure, and even fatigue test method in question. This statistical analysis is based on the ASTM E739 standard, so its contents was studied in detail so that we could present in detail the methodology and raise SN curves for different aluminum alloy 7012 subjected to fatigue test. Data were collected from tests conducted in the department of materials from two samples of aluminum alloy 7012 solubilized and precipitated by different time intervals and assayed temperature fatigue-type traction-compression, these data were then analyzed and used to survey curves using the base as E739. After lifting the curve analyzed the characteristics of the test samples and their correlation with the test results. We confirmed the effectiveness of the method of statistical analysis by ASME E739, which allowed the reading of data without this method would be very difficult to have a reading and comparison of the results for the two types... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Biorremoção do corante acid blue 29, usando serragem (Pinus sp.) como biossorvente

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Metodologia para determinação de volume de detenção em pequenas bacias urbanas: o caso do córrego Wenzel, Rio Claro/SP

With the accelerated urbanization process of Brazil from the 50s, there was a disorderly occupation of spaces and consequent soil sealing. Unlike this growth, the support capacity of urban environments has not evolved in the same way, generating negative environmental impacts to the citizens. Among these impacts are the effects of flooding. In order to minimize the negative effects of extreme precipitation over cities, the government invests in corrective measures, like compensatory techniques on urban drainage, which have as a basic principle the retention and infiltration of the rainfall, dampening the peak flow and runoff. An example of applying these techniques in urban areas are the detention basins, commonly called large pools. The hydraulic design of these structures is dependent of complex data and variables, and projects involving small areas generally use simplified methods for defining the reservoirs volume of the storage (Tassi, 2005). One of these methods is presented in this study, which relates to the percentage of soil sealing to the specific storage volume (m³/ha) in combination by applying the hydrological model of the Rational Method and analyzing regional rainfall and soil occupation over the basin. Within this context, the basin of the Wenzel stream, which is located amidst the urban area of Rio Claro/SP, also presents the problems related to human occupation in its valley. Thus, by the method presented has been adjusted a curve correlating the percentage of impermeable area and the specific volume of a detention basin. For the current situation of Wenzel Basin with 82% of impermeable area, and return period of 10 years, the specific volume is 262.1 m³/ha. The presented method is consistent with the results of other studies in the area, and the expression obtained allows estimating the volume of storage required to match hydrograph pre and post-occupancy. It presents itself as a useful tool in the planning stage of...

Desenvolvimento e validação de método bioanalítico por difusão em ágar para determinação da potência do fenticonazol creme vaginal

O nitrato de fenticonazol é um derivado imidazólico de amplo espectro de ação contra patógenos dermatófitos, como Malassezia furfur e leveduras, a principal delas Candida albicans. É necessário que se possa garantir a qualidade dos medicamentos produzidos. O controle de qualidade é uma ferramenta que assegura a qualidade, eficácia e segurança desses produtos até o momento de sua utilização e faz-se necessário que métodos analíticos sejam desenvolvidos e validados para o doseamento desses fármacos. A grande importância dos métodos microbiológicos utilizados no controle de qualidade de fármacos com atividade antimicrobiana é demonstrar sua atividade biológica por meio de seu efeito inibitório no crescimento de micro-organismo. A diminuição da atividade antimicrobiana ou potência pode indicar alguma alteração sutil na molécula, que é pouco detectável em um método analítico físico-químico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e validar o método microbiológico difusão em ágar para o produto nitrato de fenticonazol creme vaginal. O método de difusão em ágar foi desenvolvido utilizando meio de cultura ágar Sabouraud e cepa de Candida albicans ATCC 64548 como micro-organismo teste. Para o ensaio foi utilizado o delineamento 3 x 3, conforme preconiza a Farmacopeia Brasileira (2010). A validação do método proposto demonstrou linearidade entre os diâmetros dos halos de inibição e o logaritmo da concentração na faixa de 50,0 a 200,0 μg/mL. O método obteve resultados precisos e lineares com r2=1. A exatidão foi comprovada pelo intervalo de tolerância de 98,83%, dentro dos limites permitidos. O método foi validado de maneira satisfatória, podendo ser utilizado em análises do Controle de Qualidade deste fármaco.

Determinação de temperatura de chamas por espectroscopia de espécies quimioluminescentes

In a combustion process involving fossil fuels, there is the formation of species Chemiluminescent, especially CH*, C2* and OH*, whose spontaneous emission can be used as a diagnostic tool. In the present work, mapping and determination of the rotational temperature of the species CH* produced in flames on a burner fueled by Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was carried out. This study is part of a project involving the characterization of supersonic combustion in scramjets engines, whose study has been conducted in the hypersonic shock tunnel IEAv laboratories. The technique used was the natural emission spectroscopy, which has as main advantage of being non-intrusive. The rotational temperature determination was made using the Boltzmann method, whose principle is to relate the emission intensity of the species to the temperature by means of spectroscopic constants established.The temperature values were determined from the analysis of electronic bands AX and BX of the radical CH*. In order to confirm the results of flame temperatures obtained by the natural emission technique, was also used the technique of line reversal sodium. The results of both techniques showed that the temperature of the flames investigated is about 2500K a 2700K

Estudo para determinação da kVp em equipamentos de raios X convencional

The quality assurance control program (QACP) in clinical radiology is very important to acquire, image quality, patient dose reduction and cost for the institution. The verification of the real tension on the x ray tube, it is one of many parameters that may be determined on a QACP. This act on image quality as absorbed dose in patient. Once proved the importance of this fact, this study come up with the determination of tension to any X ray tube used on medical routine, on quick, safe and low cost manner. To reach the aim of this study, the methodology consisted on measuring expose rates (ER) using different thicknesses of copper (Cu) plates like filters and relating these results with Half Layer Value (HLV). Afterwards, the HLV was associated to real tension that was acquired with kilo voltage of peak (kVp) measurers used on clinical routine. So walking in this path, when performed the ER, on any X ray tube, it’s possible acquire the HLV and consequently the real kVp, considering measures obtained before, on the methodology of kVp estimative development

Determinação de metais pesados no caranguejo comestível Ucides cordatus (Crustacea: Decapoda)

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Determinação dos tipos de resistência de genótipos de soja ao ataque de Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858) (Lepdoptera: Noctuidae)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the types of resistance of soybean genotypes to the attack of Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858), under laboratory conditions. Plants of the soybean genotypes, IAC 100, Dowling, PI 227687, PI 274454, BR 16, IGRA RA 626 RR, PI 227682, BRSGO 8360, IGRA RA 516 RR e P 98Y11 RR, were cultivated in vases and placed in a greenhouse in order to have their leaves used afterwards in free-choice and no-choice no-preference for feeding tests and evaluation of the biological parameters of S. cosmioides fed on the genotypes. For free-choice no preference for feeding test, 10 leaf discs were prepared and placed in Petri dishes equidistantly among themselves, and then two recently-hatched caterpillar per genotype were release in the center of the plate. The same test was performed for third instar larvae, so that one caterpillar per genotype was used. In non-choice test, only one genotype was used in each Petri dish, where two recently-hatched or one third instar caterpillars were released, respectively. For both tests, the attractiveness was assessed at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720 and 1440 minutes after the release of the insects. In addition, the leaf area consumed was evaluated. Randomized blocks design and completely randomized design were used for free-choice and non-choice tests, respectively, with 10 replications. In biology test, recently-hatched larvae were transferred to Petri dishes with leaves of the genotypes, evaluating the period of larvae, pupae and overall (larvae + pupae), viability of larvae, pupae and overall, weight of 12 days-old larvae and 24 hours-old pupae and longevity of the adults. Completely randomized design was used for this test, with 30 replications. Genotypes IGRA RA 516 RR and IGRA RA 626 RR were the least and the most consumed by recently-hatched larvae of S. cosmioides, respectively, in non-choice non-preference for feeding test. Genotypes PI 274454 and PI 227687 were...

Desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para determinação de fósforo e selênio em amostras biológicas

A determinação de fósforo em amostras de rações e fezes de peixes por espectrometria no visível e de selênio em amostras vegetais de cultura orgânica por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (GFAAS) representa o foco principal do trabalho desenvolvido. O fósforo e o selênio são macro e micronutrientes importantes para a nutrição vegetal e animal, no entanto, se utilizados sem um controle adequado podem poluir o solo e os recursos hídricos, atingindo todo o meio ambiente. Dessa forma, foram desenvolvidos métodos para extração dos analitos que diminuíram significativamente os resíduos químicos produzidos nas determinações de rotina feitas na área de nutrição de plantas e de piscicultura. No caso do fósforo foram otimizados parâmetros físico-químicos para extração desse elemento por ultra-som e posterior quantificação por espectrofotometria no visível. No caso do selênio foram otimizados parâmetros físico-químicos para amostragem em suspensão (slurry) e determinação direta por GFAAS. Os principais parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados e otimizados foram: granulometria da amostra sólida, tempo e potência de sonificação, soluções extratoras, agentes surfactantes para estabilização do slurry; temperatura de pirólise e atomização, tipos de modificadores químicos e volume de amostragem nas determinações de selênio por GFAAS e tempo de reação e relação ao agente cromogênico/volume de amostra nas determinações espectrofotométricas de fósforo. O método de extração por ultra-som foi aplicado na determinação de fósforo biodisponível em amostras de rações de peixes e o método de amostragem em suspensão para a determinação de selênio em amostras de vegetais orgânicos

Determinação de manganêsem águas no entorno de minerações de urânio

The studies of this work aimed to determine the labile fractions of manganese (Mn) in natural and drainage water samples collected around the Osamu Utsumi uranium mine, located in the municipality of Caldas, south-central region of Poços de Caldas- MG, using the technique of diffusion gradient in thin films (DGT). The DGT devices were mounted with Chelex-100 resin, polyacrylamide-agarose hydrogel (conventional porosity) and cellulose acetate membrane. The device were deployed up to 48 hours in six water samples collected from different areas around the uranium mine (075, 076, 022-E, 025-E, 014, and 041). The DGT devices immersed in each sample were gradually removed after 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours. The pH of the samples ranged from 3.0 to 10.5, which influenced the lability and the sampling of the analyte by the Chelex-100 resin. The results showed a linear relationship between accumulated mass and sampling time (immersion curve) for samples 014 and 025-E (pH between 6 and 8) suggesting the ability of the DGT technique for sampling the analyte. The results obtained for samples 075 and 076 (pH<5) and samples 041 and 022-E (pH around 10) were characterized by nonlinear relationships. The values obtained by DGT were compared with Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) technique using Chelex-100. For samples 014 and 025-E, there was a good agreement between the results obtained by both techniques