108 resultados para spacing between nozzles
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O cultivo consorciado de milho com forrageiras tropicais no sistema plantio direto na palha pode diminuir a incidência de plantas daninhas em decorrência da elevada produção de fitomassa e da alelopatia proporcionada pela deposição superficial de palha no solo. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência da distribuição espacial da cultura do milho com Brachiaria brizantha, cultivados em consórcio no sistema plantio direto na palha, sobre a população de plantas daninhas. O experimento foi instalado em condições de campo, nos anos agrícolas 2002/03 e 2003/04, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, em Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial simples 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dois espaçamentos entre linhas de milho (E1-45 cm e E2- 90 cm) e quatro modalidades de cultivo (MCS - cultivo do milho solteiro; MBL - cultivo do milho com B. brizantha na linha de semeadura; BEM - cultivo do milho com B. brizantha na entrelinha; e MBLE - cultivo do milho com B. brizantha simultaneamente na linha e na entrelinha). Foram avaliados a produtividade de matéria seca da forrageira, a caracterização fitossociológica, a incidência e o controle de plantas daninhas. O cultivo MBLE a 90 cm foi a modalidade de consorciação que proporcionou maior produção de palhada. A presença de B. brizantha em cultivo consorciado diminuiu a densidade de plantas daninhas. A utilização do cultivo consorciado do milho com B. brizantha na linha+entrelinha proporcionou índice de controle de 95%, independentemente do espaçamento utilizado.
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The present research has proposed to estimate the genetic variation of growth traits and to estimate the expected gain by multi-effect index (MEI), in order to transform a Pinus caribaea var. caribaea progeny trial into a seedling seed orchard. The progeny trial was set up in 1989, in Selviria, MS, Brazil, using a 10 x 10 triple lattice design, with 99 progenies and a commercial control, with linear plots of ten plants, by the 3 x 3 m spacing between plants and rows. Total plant height, diameter at breast height (Dbh), wood volume, stem form, wood density at breast height, and survival were the evaluated quantitative traits. The trial was measured through 14, 15, and 16 years old. The 50% intensity of thinning at 14.3 years old was done. No significant was the genetic variation of different traits. Heritability estimates have presented low magnitude with low variation by the different ages. The application of MEI to DBH, at two years after thinning, resulted in higher gains than the selection of within and among progenies. The best selection strategy to obtain higher gains and to keep genetic diversity is to select until five plants per progenies.
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Este artigo apresenta uma área de pesquisa atual, ativa e interessante. Descreve a investigação da química de transferência de elétrons (TE) de um modo geral e resultados de TE em DNA em particular. Dois intercalantes de DNA foram utilizados: Ethidium Bromide como doador (D) e Methyl-viologen como receptor (A), o primeiro intercala-se entre as bases do DNA e o último na sua superfície. Utilizando o modelo de Perrin e medidas de Supressão de Fluorescência obteve-se a distância de migração do elétron; aqui a distância foi considerada o espaçamento linear entre as moléculas de doador e receptor ao longo da molécula de DNA. O valor determinado foi de 22,6 ± 1,1 angstrons e o número de pares de bases entre doador e receptor de 6,6. Na literatura os valores encontrados foram de 26 angstrons e de quase 8 pares de bases. Considera-se que a transferência de elétrons em DNA seja mediada através das interações através do espaço entre os elétrons do tipo p contido nos pares de bases.
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Foi estudada a viabilidade de utilização da pulverização CDA 25C, na aplicação do herbicida em pré-emergência na cultura do arroz de sequeiro. O herbicida empregado foi o pendimethalin nas doses de 0,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5 e 3,0 litro s/ha da formulação comercial a 50%. A pulverização convencional foi efetuada com bicos 11003 com consumo de 200 litros de calda per hectare. O processo CDA 250 foi aplicado por meio de bico rotativo (Micromax) com dois níveis de consumo de calda : 50 1/ha e 27 1/ha. Os resultados mostraram que: a) - o método CDA 250 proporciona controle dc mato e produtividade de arroz equivalentes ao método convencional; b) para o bico Micromax, a aplicação da formulação comercial de pendimethalin a 50% com vazão de 0,48 1/min./bico, a distância entre bicos deve ser de 1,75 m e para a vazão de 0,96 1/min./bloco, essa distancia deve ser de 1,90 m; c)- a aplicação do pendimethalin 50% C.E. pelo processo CDA 250, empregando 27 litros de calda por hectare foi o processo mais interessante por oferecer vantagens logísticas apreciáveis.
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O presente experimento, conduzido em Jaboticabal, SP, em Latossolo Vermelho Escuro, textura média, teve por objetivo verificar a interferência de plantas daninhas sobre aspectos da produção do amendoim. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x2x8. Constituíram variáveis duas variedades (Tatu e Tatui), dois espaçamentos entre sulcos de semeadura (0,4 e 0,6 m) e oito períodos de controle manual da comunidade infestante (sem controle e com controle até os 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 dias e até o final do ciclo da cultura, a partir da emergência do amendoim). A principal planta daninha presente na área experimental foi Pennisetum setosum e, nos espaçamentos de 0,4 e 0,6 m foram necessários 10 e 30 dias de controle, respectivamente, para reduzir significativamente a sua biomassa seca. O número de vagens por planta foi o principal parâmetro produtivo afetado pela interferência da comunidade infestante. Os espaçamentos utilizados não afetaram singnificativemente o período total de prevenção da interferência das plantas daninhas na produtividade do amendoim. Verificou-se que tal período foi de 10 e 20 dias para a variedade Tatuí e Tatu, respectivamente.
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A disponibilidade de produtos comerciais contendo micronutrientes tem aumentado nos últimos anos, embora existam resultados experimentais mostrando grande variabilidade, o que torna este tema contraditório. A diminuição do custo relativo no uso de micronutrientes e a expectativa de ganhos em escala, nos últimos anos, tem motivado produtores a utilizar micronutrientes como cobalto, boro e molibdênio, pela sua influência na fixação simbiótica de nitrogênio na soja. O objetivo do trabalho foi de determinar a viabilidade técnica e econômica da aplicação de alguns micronutrientes, com destaque para Mo e Co, na produtividade de grãos da soja. O experimento foi conduzido nos anos agrícolas 2001/02 e 2002/03, na Fazenda Paineira, da SLC Agrícola Ltda, em Coronel Bicaco, RS, em Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico há oito anos sob plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, com parcelas de 10 x 50 m. A implantação da soja foi em 18/11 de 2001 e em 24/11 de 2002, com população de 225 e 190 mil plantas ha-1, para os dois anos agrícolas, respectivamente. O espaçamento entre linhas foi de 0,40 m e a cultivar foi a RS-10 para os dois anos. Os tratamentos em 2001/02 foram: (1) CoMo; (2)CoMo+Mo; (3) CoMo +Mo+Mo; (4) CoMo+Mo+P30; (5) CoMo +B; (6) B; (7) Mo; (8) Mo+Mo; e (9) Testemunha. em 2003/04, os tratamentos foram: (1) CoMo+2x Mo; (2)CoMo+2x Mo+B; (3) CoMo+2x Mo+Phitosol PK; (4) CoMo+2x Fortifol CaB; (5) CoMo+2x Mo + LBE-PT1; (6) CoMo+2x Mo+P30; (7) CoMo+2x Mo+Stimulate; e (8) Testemunha. O uso de micronutrientes, especialmente Mo e Co, mostrou-se contraditório na avaliação da produtividade física de grãos através de comparação de médias. Entretanto, na maioria dos casos, o retorno econômico da aplicação dos micronutrientes foi positivo, mas evidenciou sua dependência de altas produtividades e preços favoráveis no momento da comercialização.
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We develop a systematic scheme to treat binary collisions between ultracold atoms in the presence of a strong laser field, tuned to the red of the trapping transition. We assume that the Rabi frequency is much less than the spacing between adjacent bound-state resonances, In this approach we neglect fine and hyperfine structures, but consider fully the three-dimensional aspects of the scattering process, up to the partial d wave. We apply the scheme to calculate the S matrix elements up to the second order in the ratio between the Rabi frequency and the laser detuning, We also obtain, fur this simplified multichannel model, the asymmetric line shapes of photoassociation spectroscopy, and the modification of the scattering length due to the light field at low, but finite, entrance kinetic energy. We emphasize that the present calculations can be generalized to treat more realistic models, and suggest how to carry out a thorough numerical comparison to this semianalytic theory. [S1050-2947(98)04902-6].
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Purpose: To characterize the vitreous intrinsic proteoglycans, investigate their dynamics, and examine their role in the supramolecular organization of the vitreous. Methods: Vitreous from normal rabbits was collected and processed for observation with the transmission electron microscope after treatment with glycosidases. Also, rabbits were injected intravitreally with [S-35]-sodium sulfate and sacrificed at several time intervals after the injection. Proteoglycans (PGs) were assayed in the vitreous supernatant or in whole samples extracted with guanidine hydrochloride by polyacrylamide or agarose gel electrophoresis, followed respectively by fluorography or autoradiography, and ion-exchange chromatography and gel-filtration chromatography, combined with glycolytic treatment of the samples. The sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis after treating vitreous samples with protease and specific glycosidases. Results: the electron microscopic study revealed a network with hyaluronic acid ( HA) as thin threads coating and connecting collagen fibrils. The elimination of the HA coat showed chondroitin sulfate granules (8-25 nm) arranged at regular intervals on the fibril surface. The chondroitinase ABC digestion, besides removing the granules, also caused the formation of thicker bundles of the collagen fibrils. The PG and GAG analysis indicated that there are three renewable PGs in the vitreous ( e. g., one heparan-and two chondroitin-sulfate ones). Conclusions: At least one of the chondroitin sulfate PGs is involved in the interactions that occur in the vitreous structure, mainly by providing adequate spacing between the collagen fibrils, a condition that is probably required for the transparency of the vitreous.
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This work considers a problem of interest in several technological applications such as the thermal control of electronic equipment. It is also important to study the heat transfer performance of these components under off-normal conditions, such as during failure of cooling fans. The effect of natural convection on the flow and heat transfer in a cavity with two flush mounted heat sources on the left vertical wall, simulating electronic components, is studied numerically and experimentally. The influence of the power distribution, spacing between the heat sources and cavity aspect ratio have been investigated. An analysis of the average Nusselt number of the two heat sources was performed to investigate the behavior of the heat transfer coefficients. The results obtained numerically and experimentally, after an error analysis, showed a good agreement.
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The Potoos form an exclusively neotropical family of nocturnal birds distributed throughout Central and South America, except Chile, and reaching their highest diversity in the Amazon region. The seven currently recognized species are certainly among the most poorly known birds of this region. They are characterized by a distinctive mimicry of vegetal trunks, where they remain almost motionless during daytime. For this reason, their nocturnal and cryptic habits make them exceedingly difficult to study. Published accounts on behavior and natural history of the family are scarce and contributions regarding its anatomy are rare. Here we sample six of the seven currently recognized species of Nyctibiidae, including Nyctibius grandis, N. aethereus, N. griseus, N. jamaicensis, N. leucopterus and N. bracteatus, in order to conduct a detailed and illustrated description of the skull and jaw osteology. High interspecific variation in skull osteology was observed in the family. Species of this family possess a highly modified skull, adapted to their life habits, which shelters their well developed eyes and permits a large mouth opening. The bones that form the palate structure exhibit a dorsoventral flattening, particularly in the pterigoid and parasphenoid bones, with the palatine bone being a broadly developed, wing-shaped structure. In the maxilar region, near the jugal arch, there is a tooth-like projection, unique among birds, which may assist in the retention of prey upon capture. The vomer bone is highly variable within the family, showing varying numbers of rostral projections amongst species. The broad occipital region exhibits large spacing between the quadrate bones, which are vertically disposed and possess a reduced processus orbitalis. The mandible, which is flexible and elastic, has an extremely short symphyseal region and sindesmotic joints in both mandibular rami. As a family, potoos possess a highly specialized skull which provides insight into the relationship between the form of the structures and the feeding habits of the species. Furthermore, the large interspecific variation in skull morphology emphasizes the needs for taxonomic revision within the family, which at present is lumped into a single genus.
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The use of irrigation systems that consume lower water and energy in agriculture is important to supply the growing global demand for food. In this way, it's important to develop techniques that will increase the uniformity of water application on drip irrigation systems. The aim of the work was to compare the provision of lateral lines in drip irrigation, through the formation of wet bulbs in soil and physical parameters of radish, composed of single spacing between drippers in relation to lateral lines composed of two segments, each one composed by different spacing between emitters. Two distributions of evaluation were carried out: 1) conventional drip lateral lines with 20 cm emitter spacing were compared to proposed drip lines, with 24 emitter spacing in the initial section and 20 cm emitter spacing in the final section; 2) conventional drip lateral lines with 30 cm emitter spacing were compared to proposed drip lines, with 36 emitter spacing in the initial section and 30 cm emitter spacing in the final section. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of the Sao Manuel Experimental Farm, located at Sao Manuel, SP. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with six treatments and four replications. Results showed no difference among treatments for the most of the evaluated variables. So it is possible to conclude that the use of different spacing between emitters in the same lateral line can be used to increase the line length.
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Non-pressure compensating drip hose is widely used for irrigation of vegetables and orchards. One limitation is that the lateral line length must be short to maintain uniformity due to head loss and slope. Any procedure to increase the length is appropriate because it represents low initial cost of the irrigation system. The hypothesis of this research is that it is possible to increase the lateral line length combining two points: using a larger spacing between emitters at the beginning of the lateral line and a smaller one after a certain distance; and allowing a higher pressure variation along the lateral line under an acceptable value of distribution uniformity. To evaluate this hypothesis, a nonlinear programming model (NLP) was developed. The input data are: diameter, roughness coefficient, pressure variation, emitter operational pressure, relationship between emitter discharge and pressure. The output data are: line length, discharge and length of the each section with different spacing between drippers, total discharge in the lateral line, multiple outlet adjustment coefficient, head losses, localized head loss, pressure variation, number of emitters, spacing between emitters, discharge in each emitter, and discharge per linear meter. The mathematical model developed was compared with the lateral line length obtained with the algebraic solution generated by the Darcy-Weisbach equation. The NLP model showed the best results since it generated the greater gain in the lateral line length, maintaining the uniformity and the flow variation under acceptable standards. It had also the lower flow variation, so its adoption is feasible and recommended.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)