Energy Metabolism in Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure

Fatty acids are the main substrates used by mitochondria to provide myocardial energy under normal conditions. During heart remodeling, however, the fuel preference switches to glucose. In the earlier stages of cardiac remodeling, changes in energy metabolism are considered crucial to protect the heart from irreversible damage. Furthermore, low fatty acid oxidation and the stimulus for glycolytic pathway lead to lipotoxicity, acidosis, and low adenosine triphosphate production. While myocardial function is directly associated with energy metabolism, the metabolic pathways could be potential targets for therapy in heart failure. © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Efeitos da imersão em água fria na recuperação pós-exercício: análise conjunta de parâmetros clínicos, funcionais, metabólico e autonômico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise da fadiga muscular localizada em atletas e sedentários através de parâmetros de freqüência do sinal eletromiográfico

Embora a análise no domínio da freqüência do sinal eletromiográfico (EMG) seja empregada na caracterização do processo de fadiga muscular localizada, sua aplicação, especificamente a da freqüência mediana (Fmed), é pouco explorada no âmbito esportivo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a viabilidade da aplicação do sinal EMG, através de sua análise no domínio da freqüência, como parâmetro para determinação e diferenciação no comportamento da fadiga muscular localizada. Dois grupos de sujeitos, um caracterizado como atletas (n =12) e outro como sedentários (n =12), foram submetidos a análises baseadas em procedimentos executados em três diferentes situações experimentais, todos envolvendo a modalidade de exercício isométrico: i) teste máximo para determinação da contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM); ii) teste de fadiga, sustentado por 35 seg. a 80% da CIVM; iii) teste de recuperação, sustentado por 10 seg. a 80% da CIVM; neste ultimo foi monitorado o comportamento da Fmed nos três primeiros (Fmedi) e três últimos segundos (Fmedf) do sinal EMG no músculo tibial anterior durante o teste de fadiga. Durante os 10 segundos do teste de recuperação foi calculada a Fmed referente a todo o período (Fmedr). parâmetro utilizado no cálculo do índice de recuperação muscular (IRM). Os resultados apontam que a Fmedf apresentou valor menor em relação à Fmedi em ambos os grupos (p < 0,05). Quando comparado com o grupo de sedentários, o grupo de atletas apresentou valores maiores de Fmedi e Fmedf (p < 0,05). O valor médio e desvio-padrão do IRM para o grupo de atletas foram de 62,1% ± 28,7 e, para o grupo de sedentários, de 55,2% ± 27,8 (p > 0,05). Dessa forma, os resultados apresentados neste estudo permitem inferir a viabilidade na aplicação de parâmetros no domínio da freqüência do sinal EMG para a determinação e diferenciação do comportamento da fadiga muscular localizada.

Myocardial dysfunction induced by food restriction is related to calcium cycling and beta-adrenergic system changes

Food restriction (FR) has been shown to promote myocardial dysfunction in rats. The aim of this study was to verify the participation of calcium and beta-adrenergic system on myocardial mechanical alteration in rats submitted to FR. Myocardial performance was studied in isolated left ventricular papillar muscle from young Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) submitted to FR or to control diet. The groups subjected to FR were fed 50% less food than the control group for 90 days. Mechanical function was studied in isometric contraction at post-rest contraction of 30 seconds (PRC), calcium chloride concentration 5.20 mM, and beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol 10(-6) M. FR decreased the body weight, and left and right ventricular weight. In basal condition (1.25 MM of calcium) time to peak tension (TPT) and time from peak tension to 50% relaxation (RT50) were greater in the FR group. Muscle function was. The same in both PRC groups. TPT decrease in both high calcium groups, more in FR rats; RT50 dropped only in FR animals. TPT decreased in both Isoproterenol groups, more intensely in the FR group. This result suggests that food restriction impairs myocardial performance and these changes may be attributed to alterations in the intracellular calcium cycling and beta-adrenergic system. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Food restriction impairs myocardial inotropic response to calcium and beta-adrenergic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Severe food restriction induces myocardial dysfunction related to SERCA2 activity

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Taxa de desenvolvimento de força em diferentes velocidades de contrações musculares

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a taxa de desenvolvimento de força (TDF) nas contrações isométrica e isocinética concêntrica a 60°.s-1 e 180°.s-1. Quatorze indivíduos do gênero masculino (idade = 23,1 ± 2,8 anos; estatura = 174 ± 31,3cm; massa corporal = 81 ± 12kg) realizaram inicialmente uma familiarização ao equipamento isocinético. Posteriormente, os indivíduos realizaram em ordem randômica cinco contrações isocinéticas máximas para os extensores do joelho a 60°.s-1 e 180°.s-1 para determinar o torque máximo concêntrico (TMC) e duas contrações isométricas máximas de 3s para determinar o torque máximo isométrico (TMI). O TMI (301,4 ± 56,0N.m) foi maior do que o TMC a 60°.s-1 (239,8 ± 42,2N.m) e 180°.s-1 (175,0 ± 32,5 N.m). O TMC a 60°.s-1 foi maior do que o TMC a 180°.s-1. Para os intervalos de 0-30ms e 0-50ms, a TDF na condição isométrica (1.196,6 ± 464,6 e 1.326,5 ± 514,2N.m.s-1, respectivamente) foi similar à TDF a 60°.s-1 (1.035,4 ± 446,2 e 1.134,3 ± 448,4N.m.s-1) e maior do que a 180°.s-1 (656,7 ± 246,6 e 475,2 ± 197,9N.m.s-1), sendo ainda que a TDF na contração concêntrica a 180°.s-1 foi menor do que a 60°.s-1. No intervalo de 0-100ms, a TDF da contração isométrica (1.248,8 ± 417,4N.m.s-1) foi maior que a obtida na contração isocinética rápida (909,2 ± 283,4N.m.s-1). A TDF obtida na contração isocinética lenta (1.005,4 ± 247,7N.m.s-1) foi similar à obtida na contração isométrica e na concêntrica isocinética rápida. No intervalo 0-150ms, a TDF isométrica (1.084,2 ± 332,1N.m.s-1) foi maior do que as concêntricas (60°.s-1 e 180°.s-1) (834,8 ± 184,2 e 767,6 ± 201,8N.m.s-1, respectivamente), não existindo diferenças entre estas duas últimas. Conclui-se que a TDF é dependente do tipo e da velocidade de contração, suportando a hipótese de que maiores velocidades de contração acarretam maior inibição do drive neural no início do movimento.

Análise espectral do sinal eletromiográfico do músculo eretor da espinha obtido do teste de Sorensen

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Manipulation of Rest Period Length Induces Different Causes of Fatigue in Vertical Jumping

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Lumbar muscles recruitment during resistance exercise for upper limbs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the EMG activity of lumbar multifidus (MU), longissimus thoracis (LT) and iliocostalis (IC) muscles during an upper limb resistance exercise (biceps curl). Ten healthy males performed maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) of the trunk extensors, after this, the biceps curl exercise was executed at 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% one repetition maximum during 1 min, with 10 min rest between them. EMG root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MFreq) were calculated for each lifting and lowering of the bar during the exercise bouts, to calculate slopes and intercepts. The results showed increases in the RMS and decreases in the MFreq slopes. RMS slopes were no different between muscles, indicating similar fatigue process along the exercise irrespective of the load level. MU and LT presented higher RMS irrespective of the load level, which can be related to the specific function during the standing position. on the other hand, IC and MU presented higher MFreq intercepts compared to LT, demonstrating possible differences in the muscle fiber conduction velocity of these muscles. These findings suggest that trunk muscles are differently activate during upper limb exercises, and the fatigue process affects the lumbar muscles similarly. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

INFLUENCE of HIP EXTERNAL ROTATION on HIP ADDUCTOR and RECTUS FEMORIS MYOELECTRIC ACTIVITY DURING A DYNAMIC PARALLEL SQUAT

Pereira, GR, Leporace, G, Chagas, DV, Furtado, LFL, Praxedes, J, and Batista, LA. Influence of hip external rotation on hip adductor and rectus femoris myoelectric activity during a dynamic parallel squat. J Strength Cond Res 24(10): 27492754, 2010-This study sought to compare the myoelectric activity of the hip adductors (HAs) and rectus femoris (RF) when the hip was in a neutral position or externally rotated by 30 degrees or 50 degrees (H0, H30, and H50, respectively) during a parallel squat. Ten healthy subjects performed 10 repetitions of squats in each of the 3 hip positions and the myoelectric activities of the HAs and RF were recorded. The signal was then divided into categories representing concentric (C) and eccentric (E) contractions in the following ranges of motion: 0-30 degrees (C1 and E1), 30-60 degrees (C2 and E2), and 60-90 degrees (C3 and E3) of knee flexion. From those signals, an root mean square (RMS) value for each range of motion in each hip position was obtained. All values were normalized to those obtained during maximum voluntary isometric contraction. We found that HAs showed a significant increase in myoelectric activity during C3 and E3 in the H30 and H50 positions, as compared with H0. Meanwhile, RF activity did not significantly differ between hip positions. Both muscles showed higher activation during 60-90 degrees (C3 and E3) of knee flexion, as compared with 0-30 degrees (C1 and E1) and 30-60 degrees (C2 and E2). The results suggest that if the aim is to increase HA activity despite the low percentage of muscle activation, squats should be performed with 30 degrees of external rotation and at least 90 degrees of knee flexion.

Muscle Activation During Four Pilates Core Stability Exercises in Quadruped Position

Queiroz BC, Cagliari MF, Amorim CF, Sacco IC. Muscle activation during four Pilates core stability exercises in quadruped position. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91: 86-92.Objective: To compare the activity of stabilizing trunk and hip muscles in 4 variations of Pilates stabilizing exercises in the quadruped position.Design: Repeated-measures descriptive study.Setting: A biomechanics laboratory at a university school of medicine.Participants: Healthy subjects (N=19; mean age +/- SD, 31 +/- 5y; mean weight +/- SD, 60 +/- 11 kg; mean height +/- SD, 166 +/- 9cm) experienced in Pilates routines.Interventions: Surface electromyographic signals of iliocostalis, multifidus, gluteus maximus, rectus abdominis, and external and internal oblique muscles were recorded in 4 knee stretch exercises: retroverted pelvis with flexed trunk; anteverted pelvis with extended trunk; neutral pelvis with inclined trunk; and neutral pelvis with trunk parallel to the ground.Main Outcome Measures: Root mean square values of each muscle and exercise in both phases of hip extension and flexion, normalized by the maximal voluntary isometric contraction.Results: The retroverted pelvis with flexed trunk position led to significantly increased external oblique and gluteus maximus muscle activation. The anteverted pelvis with trunk extension significantly increased multifidus muscle activity. The neutral pelvis position led to significantly lower activity of all muscles. Rectus abdominis muscle activation to maintain body posture was similar in all exercises and was not influenced by position of the pelvis and trunk.Conclusions: Variations in the pelvic and trunk positions in the knee stretch exercises change the activation pattern of the multifidus, gluteus maximus, rectus abdominis, and oblique muscles. The lower level of activation of the rectus abdominis muscle suggests that pelvic stability is maintained in the 4 exercise positions.

Etude electromyographique des muscles trapezius (partie moyenne) et rhomboideus major sousmis a tension isometrique

The participation of the trapezius (middle portion) and rhomboideus major muscles submitted to an isometric tension (holding downward dumbells of 11, 15 and 19 kg) was analysed in 40 young adult male vounteers. A 2 channel TECA TE4 electromyograph connected with single coaxial needle electrodes was used. In the initial phase of the test, holding downward, generally the trapezius and rhomboideus major muscles showed activity and no activity, respectively. In the cases where activity was present during the downward positions it was reduced gradually until complete rest.