Overexpression of the activated form of the AtAREB1 gene (AtAREB1 Delta QT) improves soybean responses to water deficit

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Biosurfactants production by yeasts using soybean oil and glycerol as low cost substrate

Biosurfactants are bioactive agents that can be produced by many different microorganisms. Among those, special attention is given to yeasts, since they can produce many types of biosurfactants in large scale, using several kinds of substrates, justifying its use for industrial production of those products. For this production to be economically viable, the use of residual carbon sources is recommended. The present study isolated yeasts from soil contaminated with petroleum oil hydrocarbons and assessed their capacity for producing biosurfactants in low cost substrates. From a microbial consortium enriched, seven yeasts were isolated, all showing potential for producing biosurfactants in soybean oil. The isolate LBPF 3, characterized as Candida antarctica, obtained the highest levels of production - with a final production of 13.86 g/L. The isolate LBPF 9, using glycerol carbon source, obtained the highest reduction in surface tension in the growth medium: approximately 43% of reduction after 24 hours of incubation. The products obtained by the isolates presented surfactant activity, which reduced water surface tension to values that varied from 34 mN/m, obtained from the product of isolates LBPF 3 and 16 LBPF 7 (respectively characterized as Candida antarctica and Candida albicans) to 43 mN/m from the isolate LPPF 9, using glycerol as substrate. The assessed isolates all showed potential for the production of biosurfactants in conventional sources of carbon as well as in agroindustrial residue, especially in glycerol.

Eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência na cultura da soja convencional e transgênica

Na cultura da soja é frequente o uso de herbicidas seletivos aplicados em pósemergência para o controle das plantas daninhas. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência e a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência, isolados e em misturas, para o controle de plantas daninhas e os efeitos sobre o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da soja convencional (M-SOY 8001) e transgênica (M-SOY 7908 RR), foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos em campo, nos anos agrícolas 2006/2007 e 2007/2008. Os tratamentos constaram dos herbicidas: lactofen (168 g ha-1), glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1), lactofen + chlorimuronethyl (96 + 10g ha-1), chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr (10 + 70 g ha-1), chlorimuron-ethyl + bentazon (10 + 600 g ha-1), glyphosate + imazethapyr (900 + 70 g ha-1), lactofen + chlorimuronethyl + imazethapyr (96 + 10 + 70 g ha-1) e lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr/ haloxyfop-methyl (96 + 10 + 70 + 60 g ha-1). Além disso, mantiveram-se duas testemunhas sem aplicação de herbicida (capinada e sem capina). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. O herbicida lactofen aplicado isoladamente e em mistura com chlorimuron-etyl, imazethapyr e haloxyfop-methyl provocou intoxicação inicial às plantas de soja, porém aos 27 dias após aplicação a cultura apresentava-se recuperada. No primeiro ano agrícola, as plantas daninhas foram satisfatoriamente controladas pelos tratamentos químicos. No segundo ano, os tratamentos que resultaram em melhor controle das infestantes foram glyphosate e glyphosate + imazethapyr. Houve redução na altura final das plantas, no segundo ano, tratadas com chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr e lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr/haloxyfopmethyl. Foi constatada redução na produtividade de grãos da variedade M-SOY 7908 RR tratada com lactofen e com a mistura chlorimuron ethyl + bentazon no primeiro ano. A aplicação de chlorimuron-ethyl + bentazon proporcionou redução na produtividade da variedade M-SOY 8001 no segundo ano.

Induction of somatic embryogenesis in soybean: physicochemical factors influencing the development of somatic embryos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Soybean compressibility and bulk density

The objective of this project was to study the influence of surcharge pressure and moisture content on the compressive behavior and bulk density of soybeans. Three varieties were selected with varying dimensions and shapes. Moisture contents of 10.5, 15.0, and 20% were tested at nine surcharge pressures in the range from 0 to 82.8 kPa. Results indicated that the bulk densities of different soybean varieties have similar behavior with respect to pressure level and moisture content but that the magnitude of bulk density was influenced by variety, Bulk density was influenced by both pressure level and moisture content. The four-element Burger model was found to adequately describe the bulk density of soybeans as a function of pressure for all varieties and moisture levels.

Estudo granulométrico de grãos de soja normal e transgênico

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o propósito de estudar o comportamento granulométrico de grãos de soja em função da variação do teor de água. A pesquisa foi realizada com seis variedades, sendo duas transgênicas e quatro comuns, com os teores de água de 10%, 12%, 15%, 20% b.s. A granulometria foi determinada utilizando-se de seis subamostras de 120 grãos para cada teor de água, e as suas dimensões (comprimento, largura e espessura) obtidas por meio de paquímetro digital. Os resultados indicaram que cada variedade de soja comportou-se de maneira diferenciada e que as comuns tiveram comportamento granulométrico diferenciado das transgênicas.

Operational parameters of soybean seeding in santa fe system

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Intercropping corn and kudzu in a rotation system with soybean

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Manejo de plantas daninhas em soja geneticamente modificada tolerante ao glyphosate

Os sistemas de produção transgênicos, assim como os convencionais, exigem, além do controle químico, a adoção de outras estratégias de manejo de plantas daninhas. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o controle químico de plantas daninhas, em soja geneticamente modificada (transgênica) tolerante ao herbicida glyphosate associado a coberturas vegetais, na entressafra. O experimento foi instalado em área experimental da FCAV/Unesp, Jaboticabal (SP). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, foram avaliadas as coberturas vegetais de Brachiaria brizantha (braquiarão cv. Marandu), Pennisetum americanum (milheto forrageiro cv. BN2) e vegetação espontânea, e, nas subparcelas, os herbicidas glyphosate, chlorimuron - ethyl + lactofen em mistura e fluazifop-p-butyl em aplicação sequencial, além de duas testemunhas sem aplicação. A cobertura com braquiarão contribuiu para o controle químico, exercendo supressão das plantas daninhas. A aplicação única de 720 g e.a. ha-1de glyphosate, independentemente da cobertura vegetal utilizada na entressafra, foi suficiente para o controle adequado de Acanthospermum hispidum, Alternanthera tenella, Amaranthus sp., Bidens pilosa, Xanthium strumarium, Cenchrus echinatus, Digitaria sp. e Eleusine indica, com resultados similares ao tratamento (chlorimuron-ethyl + lactofen) + fluazifop-p-buthyl. Comparados à testemunha capinada, os herbicidas testados não afetaram a altura das plantas, massa seca da parte aérea, massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade de grãos. As plantas de soja crescidas sobre os resíduos vegetais de braquiarão e milheto forrageiro apresentaram maior altura, porém, nenhuma outra característica avaliada na cultura foi influenciada pelas coberturas.

Feeding of Spodoptera eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on soybean genotypes

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Electrical conductivity of soybean seeds after storage in several environments

Membrane integrity, as measured by electrical conductivity (EC), is suggested as an indicator of seed vigor in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds. This study evaluated the effect of storage time and temperature on EC of six soybean seed lots (two lots each of high, medium and low vigor). All seed lots were adjusted to 120 g kg(-1) seed moisture, sealed in aluminum foil packets and placed in storage at 10 and 20 degreesC or stored unsealed in multi-wall paper bags in warehouse (WH) conditions at Lexington, KY, USA for 486 days. Four of the six seed lots were also stored unsealed at 10 degreesC. All seed lots were sampled at 3-month intervals and evaluated for seed moisture (SMC), standard germination (SG) and vigor [accelerated aging (AA) and EC]. After 91 and 204 days in storage, samples initially stored at 20 degreesC and WH were moved to 10 degreesC and sampled at the same intervals. Seed moisture content for unsealed samples equilibrated at 107 g kg(-1) (+/-9 g kg(-1)) in both the WH and 10 degreesC environments. No change in SG occurred for seeds stored sealed (120 g kg(-1)) at 10 degreesC, except for the low vigor seed lots which declined significantly at the last sample date. The AA germination declined significantly for all, seed lots stored sealed at 10 degreesC, however the EC did not change during the same storage period. Seeds stored sealed at 20 degreesC and unsealed in the WH showed rapid declines in AA and SG and significant increases in EC. When these seeds were moved to 10 degreesC, however, the AA continued to decline while the EC remained at the same level (no significant change) for the remainder of the seed storage period. Thus whilst the AA declined in all environments, the EC only increased at higher temperatures (20 degreesC, WH) but showed little change during storage at 10 degreesC. Thus, precautions must be taken if using EC to measure soybean seed vigor following storage at 10 degreesC.

Electrical conductivity of the seed soaking solution and soybean seedling emergence

Vigor of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds can be evaluated by measuring the electrical conductivity (EC) of the seed soaking solution, which has shown a satisfactory relationship with field seedling emergence, but has not had aproper definition of range yet. This work studies the relationship between EC and soybean seedling emergence both in the field and laboratory conditions, using twenty two seed lots. Seed water content, standard germination and vigor (EC, accelerated aging and cold tests) were evaluated under laboratory conditions using -0.03; -0.20; -0.40 and -0.60 MPa matric potentials, and field seedling emergence was also observed. There was direct relationship between EC and field seedling emergence (FE). Under laboratory conditions, a decreasing relationship was found between EC and FE as water content in the substrate decreased, Relationships between these two parameters were also found when -0.03; -0.20 and -0.40 MPa matric potentials were used. EC tests can be used successfully to evaluate soybean seed vigor and identify lots with higher or lower field emergence potential.

A quantitative nature of somatic embryogenesis in soybean

The objectives of this research were to investigate the genetic parameters associated with the in vitro formation of somatic embryos in soybean and to determine the effect of light intensity on the embryogenic capability of F-1, F-2, and backcross (RC1P1 and RC1P2) progenies derived from crosses between embryogenic (IAS-5 and Embrapa-1) and nonembryogenic (Parana) cultivars. Immature cotyledons (4-6 mm in length) derived from the parental lines, F-1, F-2, RC1P1, and RC1P2 were grown for 90 d on the inductive N10 medium, after which the number of somatic embryos was recorded. Chi-square tests for goodness of fit showed that the genetic component of the somatic embryogenesis trait is controlled in a quantitative manner by approximately 10 genes. A normal distribution for somatic embryo formation in the F-2 generations was observed reinforcing the quantitative nature of the trait. Variation in light intensity (8-12 and 27-33 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) had no effect on somatic embryo formation in the parental material tested.

Genetics of resistance to powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in Brazilian soybean populations

Crosses between resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars were performed and the F2 populations were obtained to study the inheritance of soybean resistance to powdery mildew and to estimate the number and action of genes related to resistance. The reaction to powdery mildew was studied in a greenhouse and pots carrying plants with symptoms were distributed among the pots carrying the genotypes to be tested as a source of inoculum. Individual plants were scored according to the method of Yorinori (1997), with modifications, and classified as resistant or susceptible. The results showed that adult soybeans plants can present resistance to powdery mildew, which is controlled by one major gene with a dominant effect.

Temperature during soybean seed storage and the amount of electrolytes of soaked seeds solution

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)