Redução de Bactérias Indicadoras de Poluição Fecal em Estrume de Aves de Postura Tratados por Biodigestão Anaeróbia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Análise de efluente e histologia da pele, fígado e rim de Pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) suplementados com cromo trivalente

The objective of this work was to evaluate the skin, liver and kidney histology of young pacus supplemented in diet with trivalent chromium and to evaluate the residue of chromium in water effluent. Randomised delineation by using factorial scheme 4x2, with four levels of chromium (0, 6, 12, 18 mg/L), two stocking densities (4 and 20 kg/m(3)), and four repetitions were used. Pacus with 100 g were used, for 90 days. An increase of the number of mucus cells and club cells in the epidermis of the pacus supplemented with 18 chromium mg/kg was observed in any stocking density. The same effect was observed in the liver, and in the highest density (20 kg/m(3)) the alterations already occurred at the level of 6 mg/kg with the inclusion of chromium, initially with congestion of sinusoids and getting worse at the level of 18 mg/kg with necrosis. The kidney didn't present visible morphologic alterations when supplemented and submitted to the stocking densities. The concentration of chromium in the effluent of pacus was 3.27 mu g/L in the higher level of supplementation (18 mg/L). In conclusion the level of 18 supplement mg/kg was not shown beneficial to the growth of pacus and the stocking density, due to the possible stress, accelerated the alteration histology process of tissues.

Perdas de silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos químicos e bacterianos

Objetivou-se avaliar silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos químicos (uréia 1,5%; benzoato de sódio 0,1%; ou hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) 1% na matéria natural) combinados ou não com inoculantes (Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Lactobacillus plantarum ou Lactobacillus buchneri). Foram avaliadas 12 silagens: uma controle, sem inoculante e sem aditivo químico; três sem inoculante, mas com um dos aditivos; uma com P. acidipropionici + L. plantarum, sem aditivo químico; três com P. acidipropionici + L. plantarum e um dos aditivos; uma com L. buchneri, sem aditivo químico; e três com L. buchneri e um dos aditivos. Os dados foram analisados em esquema fatorial 4 × 3 com três repetições para cada tratamento. Foram determinadas as perdas ocorridas durante o processo fermentativo nas formas de gases e de efluentes e a recuperação da MS. Durante a exposição aeróbia, determinaram-se a recuperação da MS e a estabilidade aeróbia medida pela variação da temperatura. A associação de L. buchneri e NaOH reduziu as perdas por gases e efluentes e elevou a recuperação da MS. No período após abertura, destacou-se a atuação do benzoato de sódio em manter o pH com variação de apenas 0,1 unidade em cinco dias de exposição aeróbia e dos inoculantes L. buchneri e P. acidipropionici + L. plantarum em prolongar o tempo para elevação da temperatura de 34 horas nas silagens controle para 54 e 50 horas, respectivamente. A ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar requer a inclusão de algum aditivo eficiente no controle das perdas quantitativas durante a fermentação e a exposição aeróbia.

Use of Cassava Wastewater Treated Anaerobically with Alkaline Agents as Fertilizer for Maize (Zea mays L.)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Absorção e translocação de fósforo em dois cultivares de mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.), 'Campinas' e 'Guarani', com uso de 32p

Com o objetivo de estudar a absorção e translocação do fósforo na cultura da mamoneira, instalou-se um ensaio em vasos com os cultivares 'Campinas' e 'Guarani' e empregou-se o fósforo radioativo (32p) como traçador. Os quatro tratamentos constaram da aplicação ao solo de 65 ppm de P contendo 32p, quando as plantas apresentavam seis, nove, doze e quatorze folhas, respectivamente e cortadas com nove, doze e quatorze folhas e as do quarto tratamento após 21 días da aplicação do fertilizante marcado. Através dos dados obtidos, pode-se concluir que, neste solo com baixo teor de fósforo, a aplicação deste elemento, na época da emissão de ínflorescências primárias, não influi no desenvolvimento das inflorescências, uma vez que se formam as expensas de fósforo previamente acumulado no pecíolo e no limbo, e que para lá se desloca a fim de participar do metabolismo de formação e desenvolvimento. em outros termos, o fósforo, quando aplicado tardiamente, não incrementará a produção dos cachos primários e, consequentemente, não pode esperar que o potencial máximo do cultivar seja atingido, pois os cachos primários representam, no mínimo, 30% da produção total da mamoneira.

Aroma volatiles recovered in the water phase of cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) juice during concentration

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desempenho de reatores aeróbios de leito fluidizado com circulação interna na remoção de matéria carbonácea tratando diferentes águas residuárias

The organic matter. (OM) removal efficiency in the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) forms for domestic wastewater and semi-intensive fish culture effluents by using three phase aerobic fluidized bed reactors with circulation in concentric tubes was studied. Three different ratios between external and internal areas by different internal diameter configurations (100, 125 and 150mm) to the same external diameter of 250mm were used; sand for filters and granulated activated carbon were used as supporting media. The reactors were tested for three hydraulic retention times: 11.5min to the R100, and 3h for the R125 and R150 reactors. The results demonstrated that this kind of reactors had good performance in the BOD and COD removal for different concentrations of waste waters. BOD mean removal efficiencies obtained were: 47% at the R100 reactor, 57% and 93% of raw and filtered BOD respectively at R125, 48 and 89% of raw and filtered BOD at R150. The COD mean calculated removal efficiencies were: 75% at the R100 reactor, 56 and 86% of raw and filtered COD at R125, and 54 and 86% of raw and filtered COD at R150. In the case of domestic wastewater it is necessary to provide a solids removal system at the reactor outflow in order to increase the removal of suspended OM from the final effluent.

Gold (198Au) foils brachytherapy use on canine skin tumor

Este trabalho relata um caso clínico de carcinoma escamo celular cutâneo em um cão da raça Weimaraner, fêmea, 8 anos de idade tratado utilizando-se braquiterapia com folhas de Ouro-198. Os objetivos deste relato foram: avaliar o uso de um molde radioativo confeccionado para uso veterinário e sua eficácia no tratamento de um tumor de pele em cão. O método demonstrou ser eficaz no tratamento do tumor, mostrou ser uma prática segura para a equipe profissional envolvida, com baixos custos e resultado radiobiológico superior quando comparado com o tratamento padrão utilizado com outros elementos radioativos.

An improved mouth-piece to prevent environmental contamination during radioaerosol inhalation procedures

The literature suggests that environmental contamination is common during labeled aerosol inhalation procedures in nuclear medicine. We have tested an adherent mask to prevent environmental contamination in 70 procedures. Two groups of patients were evaluated, Group 1 (60 inhalation cases in which the mask was used) presented no environmental contamination in 95% of the procedures (means of 553 dpm and 596 dpm before and after inhalation, p > 0.05, mean of the differences before/after inhalation 6.95, SD = 21.2 dpm) and the only 3 cases in which contamination did occur concerned bearded men; Group 2 (10 inhalation cases in which the mask was not used) showed large increases of environmental radioactive levels in 70% of the procedures (means of 601 dpm and 2,756 dpm before and after inhalation, p < 0.05, mean of the differences 3,066, SD = 2,98 dpm), We conclude that such a mask is very helpful in avoiding environmental contamination during radioaerosol inhalation procedures.

Genotoxic, mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of the commercial dye CI Disperse Blue 291 in the human hepatic cell line HepG2

Textile dyes are discarded into the aquatic ecosystem via industrial effluents and potentially expose humans and local biota to adverse effects. The commercial dye CI Disperse Blue 291 which contains the aminoazobenzene 2-[(2-bromo-4,6-dinitrophenyl)azo]-5(diethylamino)-4-methoxyacetanilide (CAS registry no. 56548-64-2), was tested for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, using the comet assay, micronucleus (MN) test and a cell viability test. Five different concentrations of the test compound were examined: 200 mu g/ml, 400 mu g/ml, 600 mu g/ml, 800 mu g/ml and 1000 mu g/ml. An increase in comet tail length and in the frequency of MN was detected with exposure of cells to concentrations of the commercial dye from 400 pg/ml. Furthermore, the dye was found to decrease cell viability. The results of this study demonstrate for the first time the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of the dye CI Disperse Blue 291 in mammalian cells, thus stressing the need to develop non-mutagenic dyes and to invest in improving the treatment of effluents. These measures will help to prevent harmful effects that these compounds can have on humans and aquatic organisms that come in contact with them. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Micronucleus test and observation of nuclear alterations in erythrocytes of Nile tilapia exposed to waters affected by refinery effluent

Micronuclei and nuclear alterations tests were performed on erythrocytes of Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in order to evaluate the water quality from Paraiba do Sul river, in an area affected by effluents from an oil shale processing plant, located in the city of Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil-SP. Water samples were collected on 2004 May and August (dry season) and on 2004 November and 2005 January (rain season), in three distinct sites, comprising 12 samples. It was possible to detect substances of clastogenic and/or aneugenic potential, as well as cytotoxic substances, chiefly at the point corresponding to the drainage of oil shale plant wastes along the river. The highest incidence of micronuclei and nuclear alterations was detected during May and August, whereas the results obtained in November and January were insignificant. This work shows that the effluent treatment provided by the oil shale plant was not fully efficient to minimize the effect of cytotoxic and mutagenic substances in the test organism surveyed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Induction of micronucleus and nuclear alterations in fish (Oreochromis niloticus) by a petroleum

In this study, micronucleus and nuclear alterations tests were performed on erythrocytes of Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in order to evaluate the water quality of the Atibaia river, in an area that receives effluents discharge of a petroleum refinery and also to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments used by the refinery. Water samples were collected in five different sites related with a refinery from São Paulo State, Brazil. For the micronucleus and nuclear alterations tests, O. niloticus specimens were exposed for 72 h to the water samples and in pure ground water (negative control). The results herein obtained indicated that the treatments used by the refinery diminished the cytogenetic damage; however they were not fully effective, since the final mill has induced damages in the genetic material of the test organism. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Micronucleus and chromosome aberrations induced in onion (Allium cepa) by a petroleum refinery effluent and by river water that receives this effluent

In this study, micronucleus (MN) and chromosome aberration (CA) tests in Allium cepa (onion) were carried out in order to make a preliminary characterization of the water quality of the Atibaia River in an area that is under the influence of petroleum refinery and also to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments used by the refinery. For these evaluations, seeds of A. cepa were germinated in waters collected in five different sites related with the refinery in ultra-pure water (negative control) and in methyl methanesulfonate solution (positive control). According to our results, we can suggest that even after the treatments (physicochemical, biological and stabilization pond) the final refinery effluent could induce chromosome aberrations and micronucleus in meristematic cells of A. cepa and that the discharge of the petroleum refinery effluents in the Atibaia River can interfere in the quality of this river. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrolytic treatment applied to the industrial effluent containing persistent wastes monitored by Bartha respirometric assays

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação (em escala laboratorial) da aplicação do processo eletrolítico em efluente de lagoa de estabilização de esgoto urbano

Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were evaluated before and after applying an electrolytic process to effluents of a stabilization lagoon, in the presence or absence of salt. Chlorine generation and bactericidal properties of the treatments were studied following two experiments. Effluent pH increased with electrolysis time. In the absence of salt, 20 min electrolysis resulted in a COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) reduction of 44%, along with ca. 99.9% (3 log10 cfu/mL) reduction in total coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria and Escherichia coli. These results indicated that the electrolytic process is a promising complementary technology to improve effluent quality for stabilization lagoons.